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| Primary N = 15 N (%)* | Intermediate N = 17 N (%)* | Secondary N = 34 N (%) | University N = 98 N (%) | p-value˚ |
| Personal barriers |
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| Unawareness of the injection method. | 6 (40.0) | 4 (23.5) | 12 (35.3) | 45 (45.9) | 0.309 |
| Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 3 (20.0) | 4 (23.5) | 13 (38.2) | 55 (56.1) | 0.006 |
| Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 1 (6.7) | 2 (11.8) | 5 (14.7) | 17 (17.3) | 0.716 |
| Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 3 (13.3) | 6 (35.3) | 18 (52.9) | 41 (41.8) | 0.071 |
| Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 6 (40.0) | 7 (41.2) | 20 (58.8) | 59 (60.2) | 0.274 |
| Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 1 (6.7) | 2 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) | 13 (13.3) | 0.910 |
| Treatment plan complexity. | 1 (6.7) | 4 (23.5) | 6 (17.6) | 23 (23.5) | 0.470 |
| Relying on others to take insulin. | 2 (13.3) | 3 (17.6) | 9 (26.5) | 13 (13.3) | 0.344 |
| Religious beliefs. | 1 (6.7) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (5.9) | 5 (5.1) | 0.994 |
| Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 1 (6.7) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (8.8) | 2 (2.0) | 0.197 |
| Forgetfulness. | 3 (20.0) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (35.3) | 40 (40.8) | 0.161 |
| Family (social) barriers |
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| Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 2 (13.3) | 6 (35.3) | 4 (11.8) | 14 (14.3) | 0.139 |
| Feeling Stigmatized. | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (8.8) | 7 (7.1) | 0.615 |
| Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 2 (13.3) | 4 (23.5) | 4 (11.8) | 29 (29.6) | 0.142 |
| Side effects barriers |
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| Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 7 (46.7) | 8 (47.1) | 22 64.7) | 60 (61.2) | 0.457 |
| Fear of weight gain. | 5 (33.3) | 7 (41.2) | 20 (58.8) | 51 (52.0) | 0.355 |
| Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 2 (13.3) | 7 (41.2) | 17 (50.0) | 41 (41.8) | 0.116 |
| Misconceptions about insulin injections |
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| Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 2 (13.3) | 3 (17.6) | 3 (8.8) | 17 (17.3) | 0.673 |
| Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 3 (20.0) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (23.5) | 28 (28.6) | 0.856 |
| Insulin causes aging. | 1 (6.7) | 3 (17.6) | 4 (11.8) | 8 (8.2) | 0.614 |
| Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 1 (6.7) | 3 (17.6) | 3 (8.8) | 13 (13.3) | 0.714 |
| Work-related barriers |
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| Long working hours. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (2.9) | 22 (22.4) | 0.007 |
| Irregular eating times during working hours. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (2.9) | 23 (23.5) | 0.005 |
| Lack of privacy during injection. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (5.9) | 17 (17.3) | 0.093 |