| 3000 - 5000 N = 38 N (%)* | 5001 - 10,000 N = 28 N (%)* | >10,000 N = 25 N (%) | p-value˚ |
Personal barriers |
|
|
|
|
Unawareness of the injection method. | 14 (36.8) | 11 (39.3) | 9 (36.0) | 0.966 |
Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 12 (31.6) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (52.0) | 0.131 |
Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 2 (5.3) | 6 (21.4) | 2 (8.0) | 0.099 |
Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 12 (31.6) | 15 (53.6) | 7 (28.0) | 0.099 |
Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 20 (52.6) | 18 (64.3) | 12 (48.0) | 0.459 |
Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 4 (10.5) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (8.0) | 0.879 |
Treatment plan complexity. | 6 (15.8) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (4.0) | 0.340 |
Relying on others to take insulin. | 6 (15.8) | 2 (7.1) | 5 (20.0) | 0.386 |
Religious beliefs. | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.115 |
Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0.301 |
Forgetfulness. | 13 (34.2) | 11 (39.3) | 10 (40.0) | 0.869 |
Family (social) barriers |
|
|
|
|
Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 5 (13.2) | 3 (10.7) | 2 (8.0) | 0.813 |
Feeling Stigmatized. | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.494 |
Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 12 (31.6) | 3 (10.7) | 4 (16.0) | 0.093 |
Side effects barriers |
|
|
|
|
Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 16 (42.1) | 16 (57.1) | 15 (60.0) | 0.298 |
Fear of weight gain. | 18 (47.4) | 16 (57.1) | 11 (44.0) | 0.599 |
Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 13 (34.2) | 14 (50.0) | 10 (40.0) | 0.433 |
Misconceptions about insulin injections |
|
|
|
|
Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 8 (21.1) | 3 (10.7) | 4 (16.0) | 0.533 |
Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 9 (23.7) | 2 (7.1) | 6 (24.0) | 0.170 |
Insulin causes aging. | 4 (10.5) | 1 (3.6) | 3 (12.0) | 0.493 |
Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 3 (7.9) | 2 (7.1) | 6 (24.0) | 0.100 |
Work-related barriers |
|
|
|
|
Long working hours. | 3 (7.9) | 11 (39.3) | 7 (28.0) | 0.009 |
Irregular eating times during working hours. | 2 (5.3) | 11 (39.3) | 8 (32.0) | 0.002 |
Lack of privacy during injection. | 2 (5.3) | 7 (25.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.050 |