3000 - 5000

N = 38

N (%)*

5001 - 10,000

N = 28

N (%)*

>10,000

N = 25

N (%)

p-value˚

Personal barriers

Unawareness of the injection method.

14 (36.8)

11 (39.3)

9 (36.0)

0.966

Unawareness of insulin dose control method.

12 (31.6)

15 (53.6)

13 (52.0)

0.131

Doubt about the efficacy of insulin.

2 (5.3)

6 (21.4)

2 (8.0)

0.099

Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site).

12 (31.6)

15 (53.6)

7 (28.0)

0.099

Preference for other treatment methods over insulin.

20 (52.6)

18 (64.3)

12 (48.0)

0.459

Past personal experience of insulin-related complications.

4 (10.5)

2 (7.1)

2 (8.0)

0.879

Treatment plan complexity.

6 (15.8)

4 (14.3)

1 (4.0)

0.340

Relying on others to take insulin.

6 (15.8)

2 (7.1)

5 (20.0)

0.386

Religious beliefs.

3 (7.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.115

Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions.

3 (7.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.0)

0.301

Forgetfulness.

13 (34.2)

11 (39.3)

10 (40.0)

0.869

Family (social) barriers

Lack of family support for taking insulin injections.

5 (13.2)

3 (10.7)

2 (8.0)

0.813

Feeling Stigmatized.

1 (2.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.494

Past family experience of insulin-related complications.

12 (31.6)

3 (10.7)

4 (16.0)

0.093

Side effects barriers

Fear of hypoglycaemia.

16 (42.1)

16 (57.1)

15 (60.0)

0.298

Fear of weight gain.

18 (47.4)

16 (57.1)

11 (44.0)

0.599

Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site.

13 (34.2)

14 (50.0)

10 (40.0)

0.433

Misconceptions about insulin injections

Insulin may lead to stillbirth.

8 (21.1)

3 (10.7)

4 (16.0)

0.533

Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life.

9 (23.7)

2 (7.1)

6 (24.0)

0.170

Insulin causes aging.

4 (10.5)

1 (3.6)

3 (12.0)

0.493

Insulin negatively affects sexual desire.

3 (7.9)

2 (7.1)

6 (24.0)

0.100

Work-related barriers

Long working hours.

3 (7.9)

11 (39.3)

7 (28.0)

0.009

Irregular eating times during working hours.

2 (5.3)

11 (39.3)

8 (32.0)

0.002

Lack of privacy during injection.

2 (5.3)

7 (25.0)

6 (24.0)

0.050