|
| 18 - 25 N = 13 N (%)* | 26 - 30 N = 35 N (%)* | 31 - 35 N = 55 N (%) | >35 N = 59 N (%) | p-value˚ |
| Personal barriers |
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|
|
|
|
| Unawareness of the injection method. | 7 (53.8) | 18 (51.4) | 21 (38.2) | 20 (33.9) | 0.275 |
| Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 9 (69.2) | 22 (62.9) | 23 (41.8) | 21 (35.6) | 0.021 |
| Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 2 (15.4) | 6 (17.1) | 8 (14.5) | 9 (15.3) | 0.990 |
| Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 5 (38.5) | 18 (51.4) | 20 (36.4) | 24 (40.7) | 0.555 |
| Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 8 (61.5) | 21 (60.0) | 31 (56.4) | 32 (54.2) | 0.935 |
| Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 0 (0.0) | 5 (14.3) | 5 (9.1) | 10 (16.9) | 0.302 |
| Treatment plan complexity. | 5 (38.5) | 7 (20.0) | 6 (10.9) | 16 (27.1) | 0.068 |
| Relying on others to take insulin. | 3 (23.1) | 8 (22.9) | 11 (20.0) | 5 (8.5) | 0.200 |
| Religious beliefs. | 2 (15.4) | 4 (11.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.1) | 0.047 |
| Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 1 (7.7) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.6) | 4 (6.8) | 0.763 |
| Forgetfulness. | 6 (46.2) | 12 (34.3) | 17 (30.9) | 22 (37.3) | 0.740 |
| Family (social) barriers |
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|
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| Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 2 (15.4) | 8 (22.9) | 7 (12.7) | 8 (13.6) | 0.584 |
| Feeling stigmatized. | 0 (0.0) | 7 (20.0) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (6.8) | 0.009 |
| Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 4 (30.8) | 10 (28.6) | 10 (18.2) | 15 (25.4) | 0.613 |
| Side effects barriers |
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|
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|
|
| Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 8 (61.5) | 21 (60.0) | 26 (47.3) | 42 (71.2) | 0.079 |
| Fear of weight gain. | 8 (61.5) | 19 (54.3) | 23 (41.8) | 32 (54.2) | 0.420 |
| Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 4 (30.8) | 15 (42.9) | 17 (30.9) | 30 (50.8) | 0.151 |
| Misconceptions about insulin injections |
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| Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 1 (7.7) | 3 (8.6) | 9 16.4) | 11 (18.6) | 0.495 |
| Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 2 (15.4) | 11 (31.4) | 14 (25.5) | 15 (25.4) | 0.725 |
| Insulin causes aging. | 1 (7.7) | 4 (11.4) | 4 (7.3) | 6 (10.2) | 0.908 |
| Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 0 (0.0) | 4 (11.4) | 8 (14.5) | 8 (13.6) | 0.535 |
| Work-related barriers |
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|
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| Long working hours. | 1 (7.7) | 6 (17.1) | 5 (9.1) | 12 (20.3) | 0.317 |
| Irregular eating times during working hours. | 1 (7.7) | 7 (20.0) | 5 (9.1) | 12 (20.3) | 0.268 |
| Lack of privacy during injection. | 0 (0.0) | 4 (11.4) | 4 (7.3) | 12 (20.3) | 0.084 |