Yes

N = 82

N (%)*

No

N = 80

N (%)*

p-value˚

Personal barriers

Unawareness of the injection method.

30 (36.6)

36 (45.0)

0.276

Unawareness of insulin dose control method.

38 (46.3)

36 (45.0)

0.864

Doubt about the efficacy of insulin.

12 (14.6)

13 (16.3)

0.776

Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site).

36 (43.9)

32 (40.0)

0.615

Preference for other treatment methods over insulin.

45 (54.9)

46 (57.5)

0.737

Past personal experience of insulin-related complications.

10 (12.2)

11 (13.8)

0.768

Treatment plan complexity.

15 (18.3)

20 (25.0)

0.300

Relying on others to take insulin.

15 (18.3)

13 (16.3)

0.731

Religious beliefs.

5 (6.1)

5 (6.3)

0.968

Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions.

3 (3.7)

5 (6.3)

0.346

Forgetfulness.

28 (34.1)

29 (36.3)

0.779

Family (social) barriers

Lack of family support for taking insulin injections.

13 (15.9)

11 (13.8)

0.706

Feeling Stigmatized.

6 (7.3)

6 (7.5)

0.965

Past family experience of insulin-related complications.

19 (23.2)

19 (23.8)

0.931

Side effects barriers

Fear of hypoglycaemia.

47 (57.3)

51 (63.7)

0.402

Fear of weight gain.

38 (46.3)

45 (56.3)

0.207

Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site.

34 (41.5)

34 (42.5)

0.894

Misconceptions about insulin injections

Insulin may lead to stillbirth.

8 (9.8)

17 (21.3)

0.043

Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life.

21 (25.6)

21 (26.3)

0.926

Insulin causes aging.

6 (7.3)

10 (12.5)

0.269

Insulin negatively affects sexual desire.

9 (11.0)

11 (13.8)

0.591

Work-related barriers

Long working hours.

14 (17.1)

10 (12.5)

0.413

Irregular eating times during working hours.

15 (18.3)

10 (12.5)

0.308

Lack of privacy during injection.

10 (12.2)

10 (12.5)

0.953