| Yes N = 82 N (%)* | No N = 80 N (%)* | p-value˚ |
Personal barriers |
|
|
|
Unawareness of the injection method. | 30 (36.6) | 36 (45.0) | 0.276 |
Unawareness of insulin dose control method. | 38 (46.3) | 36 (45.0) | 0.864 |
Doubt about the efficacy of insulin. | 12 (14.6) | 13 (16.3) | 0.776 |
Fear of (needles, pain at the injection site). | 36 (43.9) | 32 (40.0) | 0.615 |
Preference for other treatment methods over insulin. | 45 (54.9) | 46 (57.5) | 0.737 |
Past personal experience of insulin-related complications. | 10 (12.2) | 11 (13.8) | 0.768 |
Treatment plan complexity. | 15 (18.3) | 20 (25.0) | 0.300 |
Relying on others to take insulin. | 15 (18.3) | 13 (16.3) | 0.731 |
Religious beliefs. | 5 (6.1) | 5 (6.3) | 0.968 |
Lack of confidence in doctors’ opinions. | 3 (3.7) | 5 (6.3) | 0.346 |
Forgetfulness. | 28 (34.1) | 29 (36.3) | 0.779 |
Family (social) barriers |
|
|
|
Lack of family support for taking insulin injections. | 13 (15.9) | 11 (13.8) | 0.706 |
Feeling Stigmatized. | 6 (7.3) | 6 (7.5) | 0.965 |
Past family experience of insulin-related complications. | 19 (23.2) | 19 (23.8) | 0.931 |
Side effects barriers |
|
|
|
Fear of hypoglycaemia. | 47 (57.3) | 51 (63.7) | 0.402 |
Fear of weight gain. | 38 (46.3) | 45 (56.3) | 0.207 |
Fear of allergic reactions at the injection site. | 34 (41.5) | 34 (42.5) | 0.894 |
Misconceptions about insulin injections |
|
|
|
Insulin may lead to stillbirth. | 8 (9.8) | 17 (21.3) | 0.043 |
Insulin is addictive; the injection will continue for life. | 21 (25.6) | 21 (26.3) | 0.926 |
Insulin causes aging. | 6 (7.3) | 10 (12.5) | 0.269 |
Insulin negatively affects sexual desire. | 9 (11.0) | 11 (13.8) | 0.591 |
Work-related barriers |
|
|
|
Long working hours. | 14 (17.1) | 10 (12.5) | 0.413 |
Irregular eating times during working hours. | 15 (18.3) | 10 (12.5) | 0.308 |
Lack of privacy during injection. | 10 (12.2) | 10 (12.5) | 0.953 |