Characteristic

Total sample

(N = 150)

DN present

(n = 121)

DN absent

(n = 29)

p-value

Residence

Rural, n (%)

15

12 (80%)

3 (20%)

1*

Urbane, n (%)

135

109 (80.7%)

26 (19.3%)

Gender

Male

100

81 (81%)

19 (19%)

0.884*

Female

50

40 (80%)

10 (20%)

Age (years)

<50

42

32 (76.2%)

10 (23.8%)

0.387*

≥50

108

89 (82.4%)

19 (17.6%)

Cigarette Smoking

Yes

7

7 (100%)

0 (0%)

0.347**

No

143

114 (79.7%)

29 (20.3%)

Alcohol consumption

Yes

9

7 (77.8%)

2 (22.2%)

0.685**

No

141

114 (80.9%)

27 (19.1%)

Physical inactivity

Yes

97

81 (83.5%)

16 (16.5%)

0.234*

No

53

40 (75.5%)

13 (24.5%)

Diabetes types

Type 1

6

2 (33.3%)

4 (66.7%)

0.014 **

Type 2

141

116 (82.3%)

25 (17.7%)

Non Type 1, 2

3

3 (100%)

0 (0%)

Glycemic control

Good

63

47 (74.6%)

16(25.4%)

0.261*

Average

31

27 (87.1%)

4 (12.9%)

Bad

56

47 (83.9%)

9(16.1%)

Diabetic duration ( years)

121

29

0 - 5

58

57 (82.6%)

12 (17.3%)

0.887*

6 - 10

31

31 (83.7%)

6 (16.2%)

11 - 15

30

30 (83.3%)

6 (16.6%)

15 - 20

2

3 (37.5%)

5 (62.5%)

History of family diabetes

Yes

52

44 (84.6%)

8 (15.3%)

No

88

77 (78.4%)

21 (21.4%)

0.540*

Diabetic Nephropathy

Yes

7

7 (100%)

0%

0.347*

No

143

114 (79.7%)

29 (20.3%)