DSM-IV PTSD Symptom

DSM-IV

Emotional numbness model

Mental pain model

Painful arousal model

B1. Intrusive thinking

Instruction and re-experience

Instruction and re-experience

Instruction and re-experience

Instruction and re-experience

B2. Nightmare

B3. Flashback

B4. Emotional response

B5. Physiological response

C1. Avoiding trauma-telated thoughus, etc.

Active avoidance and emotinal numbness

Active avoidance

Active avoidance

Active avoidance

C2. Avoiding clues that can suggest trauma

C3. Selective foegetting

Emotinal numbness

Mental pain

Emotinal numbness

C4. Loss of interest

C5. Emotinal alienation

C6. Numbness

C7. Losing confidence in the future

D1. Sleep problem

High arousal state

High arousal state

Painful arousal

D2. Irritability

D3. Attention problem

D4. Excessive alertness

High arousal state

Anxiety