| Country | Population examined | Author | Misuse rate |
| USA | 283 students; Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts; mean age: 21 (data collection: unknown) | Babcock and Byrne, 2000 [22] | Lifetime prevalence: 16.6% |
| USA | 150 students; small, competitive college; mean age: 20.1 (data collection: unknown) | Low and Gendaszek, 2002 [30] | Last-year prevalence: 7.3% |
| USA | 2250 students; University of Michigan; mean age: 20.1 (data collection: 2001) | Teter et al., 2003 [31] | Last-year prevalence: 2.5% |
| USA | 4580 students; large mid-western university; mean age: 20 (data collection: 2005) | Teter et al., 2006 [29] | Last-year prevalence: 1.5% |
| USA | 1025 students; University of New Hampshire (data collection: 2002) | White et al., 2006 [23] | Lifetime prevalence: 16.2% |
| USA | 1253 students; large public university in mid-Atlantic region; between17-19 years (data collection: 2004) | Arria et al., 2008 [34] | Lifetime prevalence: 18% general stimulants, of it 39.6% MPH |
| USA | 2087 students; currently enrolled in a 2− or 4-year college + between 18-24 years + US resident (data collection: 2004) | DuPont et al., 2008 [24] | Lifetime prevalence: 5.3% |
| GER | 1035 pupils + 512 students; mean age: pupils: 19.3, students: 24 (data collection: 2009/2010) | Franke et al., 2011 [21] | Lifetime prevalence: 0.8% general stimulants, of it 100% MPH |
| GER | 1053 students in Berlin; mean age: 24.6 (data collection: 2010/2011) | Mache et al., 2012 [25] | Lifetime prevalence: 2% |
| SUI | 6275 students; University of Zurich/ University of Basel/ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; mean age: 23.2 (data collection: 2012/2013) | Maier et al., 2013 [26] | Lifetime prevalence: 5.8% |
| SUI | 1765 students; University of Zurich; median birth year: 1986 (data collection: 2011) | Ott and Biller-Andorno, 2014 [27] | Lifetime prevalence: 5.6% |
| IRI | 1260 students; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences/ Valieasr University/ Rafsanjan Branch of Islamic Azad University; mean age: 21.4 (data collection: 2008) | Rezahosseini et al., 2014 [35] | Half-year prevalence: 3.4% |
| NL | 1572 students; nationwide; mean age: 21.8 (data collection: unknown) | Schelle et al., 2015 [28] | Lifetime prevalence: 2.5% |