| Country | Population examined | Author | Misuse rate |
| Adolescents with suspected alcohol and/or drug problems | |||
| USA | 231 charts of adolescents with suspected alcohol and/or drug problem; mean age: 15.6 (data collection: charts from 1992-1996) | Marsh et al., 2000 [12] | Lifetime prevalence: 12.8% general stimulants, of this number 80% MPH |
| CAN | 450 charts of adolescents with a treatment in a Addiction Center; mean age: 15.4 (data collection: charts from 1993-1999) | Williams et al., 2004 [52] | Lifetime prevalence: 20% current MPH-addiction: 5.1% |
| Students/persons with neuroenhancement | |||
| GER | 18 students; 1.) use of caffeine and (psycho-) stimulant drugs for the purpose of NE 2.) without psychiatric disorder and without a current prescription of psychoactive medication; University of Mainz; mean age: 25.8 (data collection: unknown) | Franke et al., 2012a [48] | Lifetime prevalence: 38.9% |
| GER | 20 students; 1.) AMPH or MPH use for the purpose of NE 2.) without psychiatric disorder and without a psychiatric pharmacotherapy + 22 control subjects; University of Mainz (data collection: unknown) | Franke et al., 2012b [53] | Lifetime prevalence: 55% |