I. Attachment |
-Uncertainty about the reliability and predictability of the world |
-Problems with boundaries |
-Distrust and suspiciousness |
-Social isolation |
-Interpersonal difficulties |
-Difficulty attuning to other people’s emotional states |
-Difficulty with perspective taking |
-Difficulty enlisting other people as allies |
II. Biology |
-Sensorimotor developmental problems |
-Hypersensitivity to physical contact |
-Analgesia |
-Problems with coordination, balance, body tone |
-Difficulties localizing skin contact |
-Somatization |
-Increased medical problems across a wide span, e.g., pelvic pain, asthma, skin problems, autoimmune disorders, pseudo-seizures |
III. Affect Regulation |
-Difficulty with emotional self-regulation |
-Difficulty describing feelings and internal experience |
-Problems knowing and describing internal states |
-Difficulty communicating wishes and desires |
IV. Dissociation |
-Distinct alterations in states of consciousness |
-Amnesia |
-Depersonalization and derealization |
-Two or more distinct states of consciousness, with impaired memory for state-based events |
V. Behavioral Control |
-Poor modulation of impulses |
-Self-destructive behavior |
-Aggression against others |
-Pathological self-soothing behaviors |
-Sleep disturbances |
-Eating disorders |
-Substance abuse |
-Excessive compliance |
-Oppositional behavior |
-Difficulty understanding and complying with rules |
-Communication of traumatic past by re-enactment in day-to-day behavior or play |