Control group (n = 19)

Intervention group (n = 29)

p value

Baseline

After 2 months

P value

Baseline

After 2 months

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Lutein (μM)

0.29 ± 0.1

0.21 ± 0.09

0.004^**

0.33 ± 0.12

0.25 ± 0.09

<0.001^***

β-Cryptoxanthin (μM)

0.15 ± 0.08

0.18 ± 0.13

0.244

0.19 ± 0.1

0.22 ± 0.09

0.012^*

α-Carotene (μM)

0.11 ± 0.09

0.20 ± 0.15

0.009^**

0.17 ± 0.17

0.77 ± 0.30

<0.001^***

β-Carotene (μM)

0.32 ± 0.28

0.41 ± 0.39

0.084

0.45 ± 0.43

1.71 ± 0.81

<0.001^***

Lycopene (μM)

0.23 ± 0.11

0.32 ± 0.23

0.028^*

0.22 ± 0.12

0.60 ± 0.17

<0.001^***

Total carotenoid (μM)

1.10 ± 0.56

1.32 ± 0.82

0.134

1.36 ± 0.81

3.56 ± 1.29

<0.001^***