Scales

PLS factor loading

Identity salience

Please indicate how much you agree/disagree with each of the following statements.

Seven-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree,” and 7 = “strongly agree”), adapted from [69] .

1) I have a clear sense of my ethnic background and what it means for me.

0.66

2) I have a strong sense of belonging to my own ethnic group.

0.77

3) I understand pretty well what my ethnic group memberships mean to me, in terms of how to relate to my own group and other groups.

0.74

4) I have a lot of pride in my ethnic group and its accomplishments.

0.76

5) I participate in cultural practices of my own group, such as special food, music, or customs.

0.76

6) I feel a strong attachment towards my ethnic group.

0.89

7) I feel good about my cultural or ethnic background.

0.79

Academic self-efficacy

Please indicate how much you agree/disagree with each of the following statements.

Seven-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree,” and 7 = “strongly agree”), adapted from [70] .

1) I am good at researching and writing university level papers.

0.80

2) I am a very good student.

0.75

3) I usually do very well in university and at academic tasks.

0.86

4) I typically find my academic work interesting and absorbing.

0.78

5) I am very capable of succeeding at the university.

0.85

Individualism

Please indicate how much you agree/disagree with each of the following statements.

Seven-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree,” and 7 = “strongly agree”), based on [71] and [51] .

1) I enjoy being unique and different from others in many ways.

0.67

2) I often “do my own thing”.

0.76

3) I am a unique individual.

0.74

4) I would rather depend on myself than others.

0.76

Ethnocentrism

Please indicate how much you agree/disagree with each of the following statements.

Seven-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree,” and 7 = “strongly agree”), adapted from [72] .

1) It is not right to purchase foreign products because it puts my countrymen out of jobs.

0.77

2) A real patriot should always buy domestically-produced products.

0.75

3) We should purchase products manufactured domestically instead of letting other countries get rich off us.

0.93

4) My countrymen should not buy foreign products because this hurts indigenous companies and causes unemployment.

0.92

Homophily

Index-based measure that takes into consideration the number of same-nationality ties a student cited in proportion of the number of same nationality ties available taking in consideration the total number of individuals in the group. The measure was adopted from [73] .

1.00