Author | D & B score | n = | Mean age | H & Y | UPDRS | Medication on/off times | Dementia ratings | Results |
Allcock et al. (2006) | 13/27 | N= 175
OH+ n = 87 (63M, 24F)
OH− n = 88 (46M, 42F) | OH+ 72.4 ± 7.5
OH− 69.2 ± 8.4 | Not reported | Section III: Total mean 17.75
OH+ mean 18.5 ± 9.0
OH− mean 17.0 ± 12.0 | OFF medication after midnight on assessment day | Excluded PD pts with frank dementia according to DSM-IV | -OH worse scores on sustained attention (digit vigilence test, p = 0.008); differences persisted when persons with MMSE < 24 were removed (results not reported) -OH worse scores on visual memory (test of picture recognition, p = 0.027) Key points: -Persons with PD and OH demonstrate deficits in visual memory and attention -Identifies OH as a prognostic indicator for cognitive deficit & recommends early neuropsychological assessment |
Idiaquez et al. (2007) | 13/27 | N = 70 PD n = 40 (26M, 14F) Control n = 30 (18M, 12F) | PD 69 ± 8.2 Control 69.0 ± 6.9 | Mean 2.8 ± 1 | Section III: 27.2 ± 11.6 | OFF 12 hrs prior to assessment | 11/40 (27.5%) with dementia according to DSM-IV | -No significant differences between presence of OH or postprandial hypotension (PPH) & ANY of the cognitive or behavioral scores used in persons with PD or PDD Key points: -Persons with PD and dementia report higher incidence of cardiovascular issues -Increased motor symptom severity and older age at PD onset related to severity of cognitive impairment -Cannot completely rule out OH as a reason for cerebral hypoperfusion resulting in dementia |
Jones et al. (2014) | 14/27 | n = 341 (235M, 106F) | 64.7 ± 10 | Not reported | Section III:
26.3 ± 10 | ON | Excluded persons with dementia according to Dementia Rating Scale-II < 5th percentile (n = 65) | -All persons with PD performed lowest on tests of processing speed, executive function & delayed verbal memory -PD + HTN = worse executive function (p = 0.041) & delayed verbal memory (p = 0.021) scores -PD + OH = better executive function scores (p = 0.019) Key points: -HTN as a comorbidity in persons with PD exerts its own negative impact on executive function & delayed verbal memory above the deleterious effects of disease progression on cognition |
Kim et al. (2012) | 14/27 | N = 87
No CI n = 25 (14M, 11F)
MCI n = 48 (16M, 32F)
Dementia n = 14 (5M, 9F) | Mean 67.5 ± 9.2
no CI 63.4 ± 12.0
MCI 70.0 ± 6.8
Dementia 66.2 ± 8.1 | Mean 1.7 ± 0.7 | Section I - III: 22.4 ± 16.6 | Drug naive | 14/87 with dementia according to Korean version of MMSE, Clinical Dementia Rating scale, and the sum of the box of the Clinical Dementia Rating scale | -All persons with supine HTN (SH) had at least some cognitive dysfunction (p < 0.001) -OH + SH = more severe cognitive impairments than those without OH or SH
Key points: -All persons with OH + SH had some cognitive dysfunction -Frontal executive function negatively related to SD of SBP -Visuospatial memory related to nocturnal BP -Cognitive impairment related to cerebral perfusion issues like OH and SH -Use cognitive tests for early detection of PD and for treatment to slow cognitive decline in persons with PD |