| Plant Name/Family | Local Name | Growth Form | Part (s) Used | Traditional Uses in Ghana | Compounds Isolated or Detected | Biological Activity Reported by Researchers in Ghana |
| Adenia cissampeloides (Planch, ex Benth.) Harms Passifloraceae | Hamakyem (Twi) | Climber | Leaves Stem Root Vine | Fever, Malaria, Wounds, Gastro-intestinal disease, Numbness, Hypertension, Wound [20] [21] | phytol, α-linolenic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, (13S)-8,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene, kaur-16-ene, guaiol, α-gurjunene, and α-elemene [22] | Anti-hypertensive [23] Anticoagulant [24] Antiplasmodial [25] |
| Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum. Zingiberaceae | Fam wisa (Twi) | Herb | Seed | Convulsion, Hypertension, Aphrodisiac, Measles, Infertility [26] [27] [28] | 6-Parado, 6-Shagao, 6-Gingerol, Oleanolic acid [29] | Antimicrobial [30] |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthaceae | Aleefu (Twi) | Herb | Leaf | Blood tonic [31] | linoleic acid and oleic acid [32] | Antioxidant [33] |
| Anchomanes difformis (Bl.) Engl. Araceae | Ope (Twi) | Herb | Leaves Stem | Snake bites, burns [34] | 12-heptadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and β-stigmasterol [35] | Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory [36] |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae | Nyeedua (Twi) | Tree | Leaves Fruit stem bark, Root | Malaria, Tuberculosis, Cancer, Worm infections, Wounds, Boil [21] [37] [38] [39] [40] | Azadirachtin, tirucallol, meliantriol, azadirone, salannolide, margosinolide, nimbin and salannin [41] | Antiplasmodial [42] [43] Anthelminthic [44] Antioxidant [45] Anti-schistosomal [46] |
| Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. Poaceae | Mpampro (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves | Malaria, Hypertension, Cancer [37] [39] [47] | - | Antiplasmodial [48] |
| Baphia nitida Lodd. Fabaceae | Ɔdwono (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves Stem Root | Waist pains, wounds, Asthma, Anxiety, Haemorrhage, Jaundice, Rheumatism, Ringworm [28] [49] [50] | [Kaempferol 3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl (1 → 3)-(4-O-E-pcoumaroyl-a-L- rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2))[b-Dglucopyranosyl (1 → 6)]-b-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-a-Lrhamnopyranoside] and [Kaempferol 3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl (1 → 3)-(4-O-Z-pcoumaroyl-a-L- rhamnopyranosyl(1 →2))[b-Dglucopyranosyl (1 → 6)]-b-D-galactopyranoside-7-O-a-Lrhamnopyranosid] [51] | Anti-inflammatory and Anti-infective [52] |
| Capparis erythrocarpos Insert. Capparidaceae | Pitipiti (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves Root | Piles, Back Pain, Inflammatory conditions, Aphrodisiac, Arthritis, Piles [21] [50] [53] | isocodonocarpine, 14-Nacetylisocodonocarpine, 15-N-acetylcap-parisine [54] [55] | Anti-dyslipidemic [56] Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic [57] Anti-prostate cancer [58] . Anti-arthritic [53] [59] Antinociceptive effect [60] |
| Carica papaya Linn. Cariaceae | Brofer3 (Twi) | Tree | Seed leaves | Malaria, Worm infections, hypertension, Cancer, Jaundice, skin ulcer, cough, Abortion, Headache [21] [27] [28] [31] [39] [44] [47] | Carpaine [61] , 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl octanoate [62] caricaphenyl triol, papayaglyceride, glyceryl-1-oleiyl-2,3-dilinoleiate, glyceryl-1-oleiyl-2,3-diarachidate, glyceryl-1-linoleiyl-2,3-distearate, glyceryl-1,2-dipalmitate, glyceryl trimyristate, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl-1,2-dipalmityl-3-myristate, glyceryl-1-oleiyl-2,3-dimyristate, b-sitosterol glucoside, glyceryl-1-oleiyl-3-phosphate, glyceryl-1-oleiyl-2-lauryl-3-phosphate and glyceryl-1,2-distearyl-3-phosphate [63] | Antiplasmodial [43] Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, [64] Anti-prostate cancer [65] Anthelminthic [66] |
| Cassia sieberiana DC Caesalpiniaceae | Nkokowu (Twi) | Small Tree or Shrub | Root, Root bark | Stomach ache, Aphrodisiac, Apoplexy, Appetizer, dizziness [21] [31] | Cassiberianol A, Piceatannol, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Dihydrokaempferol, Islandicin, Chrysophanol, Physcion, Emodin, Chrysophanol-10,10-bianthrone, Lupeol, Betulinic acid, Stigmasterol, Galanthamine. [67] | Antimicrobial [68] Anti-ulcer [69] Antioxidant [70] Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive [71] [72] [73] |
| Clausena anisate Willd. Hook. f. ex Benth. Rutaceae | Sesadua/ Samanobere/ Samandua/ Duawonsi/ Eduasin. (Twi) | Shrub | Leaf Stem bark | Arthritis,Asthma, Cough, Dermatitis, Diabetes mellitus Dysentery, Earache, Fever; Fracture, Headache, Helminthiasis, Herpes zoster; Mosquito and tick bites, Rheumatic pains; Snakebite; Stomachache, Schistosomiasis, Toothache [49] [74] | girinimbine, murrayamine-A, ekeberginine, aurantiamide acetate, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninyl-N- benzoyl-L-phenylalaninate, sitosterol and stigmasterol [75] | Antimicrobial [76] [77] Antioxidant and Wound healing [78] Anti-inflammatory and analgesic [79] Anti-HIV [80] |
| Clerodendrum splendens G Don Lamiaceae |
| Shrub | Leaves | Malaria, Coughs, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Skin diseases, Ulcers, Rheumatism, Asthma, Fibroid [81] [82] | Triancontanol, [(22E, 24S)-Stigmasta-5, 22, 25-trien-3β-ol] and [3-O-D-glucopyranoside of (22E, 24S)-Stigmasta-5,22,25-trien-3β-ol (3)] [83] | Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory [84] Wound healing [85] |
| Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae | Kooko/Brobe | Herb | Leaves Stem bark | Wounds, Stings/bites [34] [40] | tryptophan, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, rosmarinic acid, 1-O-feruloyl-Dglucoside and 1-O-caffeoyl-D-glucoside [86] | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory [36] |
| Combretum mucronatum Schum. & Thonn. Combretaceae | Ohwirem/ Hwiremu (Twi); Geza (Hausa) | Liana | Leaves Root | Worm infection, Ascites, Boils, Catarrh, Chest pain, Chronic cystitis, Dracontiasis, Fever, Fresh cuts and wounds, Gonorrhoea, Guinea worm, Malaria, Rheumatism, Thrush [44] [49] | Epicatechin, Epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin, Procyanidin C 1, [Epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin], [Epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin], [Epicatechin-(6′→8)-epicatechin], cinnamtannin A2, Pentameric Procyanidin and Isovitexin [87] | Anthelmintic [44] Wound healing [88] Mycobactericidal, [89] |
| Corchorus olitorius L. (Jute) Tiliaceae | Ayoyo (Twi) Ademe (Ga) | Herb | Leaves | Wound [40] | oleanolic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate, chlorophyll, phytyl fatty acid, esters, β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol [90] | Antimicrobial [91] Anti-oxidant [33] [92] |
| Croton membranaceus Müll.Arg. Euphorbiacea | Bukoe | Shrub | Root Stem | Prostate diseases, Urinary retention problems, Diabetes, Measles [93] | [12-oxo-15,16-epoxy-3,13(16), 14-clerodatrien-17,18-dioic acid dimethyl ester], julocrotine, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-O glucoside, gomojoside H, and DL-butane1,2,3,4-tetraol [94] | Antimicrobial [95] Anti-Prostate enlargement [96] [97] Anti-cancer [98] Anti-hyperglycaemic and antioxidant [99] |
| Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Palmae | Abe | Tree | Root Fruit Fronds/ Leaves | Malaria, Cancer, wounds, Stroke [28] [37] [39] [40] | 3,4 hydroxybenzyaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid [100] | Antiplasmodial [25] |
| Entandrophragma angolense (Welw) Meliaceae | Edinam | Tree | Bark | Cancer, Pain-killers, Arthritis, Rheumatism, Eye treatments Ear treatments, Stomach troubles, Kidneys, Diuretics [31] [39] | Methyl Angolensate [101] , [3,23-dioxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-al], [3,4-secotirucalla-23-oxo-4(28), 7,24-trien-21-al-3-oic acid] and [3,4-secotirucalla-23-oxo-4(28),7,24-trien-3,21-dioic acid (21-methyl ester)] [102] . | Antimicrobial [103] |
| Funtumia elastic (Preuss) Stapf Apocynacea | Ofuntum | Tree | Root | Abortion, Edema, Urine flow [27] [31] [104] | holarrhetine, conessine, holarrhesine and isoconessimine [105] | Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory [106] Antioxidant [107] Fibroblast stimulation [108] |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae | Sobolo (Twi) | Herb | Flowers | Hypertension, Liver disorders, Antiseptic, Aphrodisiac, Digestive problems, Diuretic [49] [82] | Hydroxycitric acid, Hibiscicus acid, Chlorogenic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Myricetin 3-arabinogalactose, Quercetin 3-sambubioside, 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid, Quercetin 3-rutinoside, Quercetin 3-glucoside, Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, N-Feruloyltyramine, Kaempferol 3-(p-coumarylglucoside), Quercetin, 7-Hydroxycoumarin, Delphinidin 3-sambubioside, Cyanidin 3-sambubioside, Hisbiscus acid hydroxyethylesther, Hisbiscus acid dimethylesther, 2-O-trans-cafeoyl-hydroxicitric acid, Methylepigallocatechin, Ethylchlorogenate, 2-O-trans-feruloyl-hydroxicitric acid, hydroxy ethyl dimethyl esther, Coumaroylquinic acid, Cryptochlorogenic acid, Methyl digallate [109] | Antimicrobial, Anti-oxidant [33] [110] [111] Anti-hypertensive [112] |
| Hilleria latifolia H. Watt. Phytolaccaceae | Anafranaku (Twi) | Herb | Leaves | Wounds, boils, Jaundice, Guinea worms, Urethral discharges, rheumatism [34] [113] [114] | - | Antinociceptive [115] Anxiolytic-and Antidepressant [116] Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant [117] [118] Antimicrobial [119] Wound healing [120] |
| Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl Acanthaceae | Afema | Herb | Leaves | Wounds, Malaria, Diarrhoea, Piles, Boils, Burns, Stomach ulcer, Reproduction [28] [34] [40] [121] | campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and sitosterol-D-glucoside [122] | Antimicrobial [123] Antioxidant and Wound healing [124] |
| Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae | Nufuten (Twi) | Tree | Stem bark Root Leaves Fruit Flowers | Stomach ache, Hypertension, Abortifacient, Flow of Milk, Boils, Psoriasis, Eczema, Leprosy, Syphilis, Cancer [28] [125] | [3-(2’ -hydroxyethyl)-5- (2”-hydroxypropyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one], 7-hydroxy viteoid II, 7-hydroxy eucommic acid, 7-hydroxy-10-deoxyeucommiol, 10-deoxyeucommiol, jiofuran, jioglutolide, 1-dehydroxy-3,4-dihydroaucubigenin, des-p-hydroxybenzoyl kisasagenol B, ajugol, verminoside and 6-transcaffeoyl ajugol [126] | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Wound healing [106] |
| Lannea welwitschia (Hiern) Engl. Anacardiaceae | Kumnin (Twi) | Tree | Leaves, Stem back | Child fever, Aseram, wounds, stomach ulcer [28] [34] | Lanneaquinol and 2′I-hydroxylanneaquinol [127] | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Wound healing [124] Anti-allergic, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic [128] |
| Laportea aestuans (Linn) Chev. (Syn. Fluerya aestuans) Urticaceae | Honhon (Twi) | Herb | Leaves | Heartburns, Correct acidity in pregnant women [129] [130] | Methylcyclohexane, [isodecyl octyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate], di-n-octyl phthalate, [bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate], toluene, [butyl 8-methylnonyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate], [8-decyloxy-3-phenyl-2,4,7-trioxabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-9-ene], [dicyclohexyl-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate], didodecyl phthalate, [butyl-8-methylnonyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate] [di-n-octyl phthalate], [butyldecyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate], [bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate], [butyl-2-ethylhexyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate], [bis(2-ethylbutyl)-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate] [131] | Anti-oxidant [33] |
| Laportea ovalifolia (Schumach.) Chew Urticaceae | Akyekyenwonsa (Twi) | Herb | Leaves | Wounds, poison antidote, Control menstrual bleeding [34] [132] [133] | laportomide A and laportoside A [134] | Antimicrobial [119] Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory [118] Wound healing [120] |
| Lippia multiflora Moldenke. Verbanaceae | Sareso nunu (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves | Malaria [37] | Nuomioside A, isonuomiside A, samioside, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, alyssonoside and leucoseptoside A and geniposide [135] | Antioxidant [136] Antihypertensive [137] |
| Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg Euphorbiaceae | Anyanforowa (Twi) | Shrub | Whole plant | Malaria, Dysentery, Parasitic infection [37] [50] [138] | Methylene-bis-aspidinol AB, mallopposinol, aspidinol B, methylene-bis-aspidinol, (+)-α-tocopherol, lupeol, stigmasterol, phytol, bergenin, squalene and methyl gallate [139] | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant [91] Wound healing [140] Antinociceptive [141] Antidepressant [142] |
| Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae | Amango (Twi) | Tree | Leaves | Hypertension, Cough, Bedwetting, Low sperm count, Diabetes Malaria, Fever [28] [37] [47] [143] [144] | friedelin, friedelan-3b-ol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and cycloartenol. Sterols include β-sitostero, protocatechuic acid, catechin, mangiferin, benzoic acid, kainic acid, gallic acid, shikimic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, linoleic, linolenic, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and palmitic acid [145] | Antimicrobial [146] [147] Antioxidant [148] Antiplasmodial [43] [147] |
| Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae | Nyanya (Twi) | Liana | Whole Plant | Abdominal pains, fever, measles, Gonorrhoea, headache, snakebite, Malaria, Diabetes, Detoxification, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Febrifuge [28] [37] [49] | [3 β,25-dihydroxy-7 β-methoxycucurbita 5,23 I-diene], [3 β -hydroxy-7 β,25-dimethoxycucurbita-5,23I-diene], [3 β,7 β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23 I-dien-19-al], [3-O-β-D-allopyranosyl, 7 β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-5,23I-dien-19-al] [149] | Antimicrobial [123] Antioxidant, Wound healing [140] Anti-lipidaemic [150] |
| Morinda lucida Benth Rubiaceae | Konkroma (Twi) | Tree | Root | Haemorrhoids, stomach ulcer, Malaria, Typhoid, Bone fracture, High blood pressure, Rheumatism, Candidiasis, Gonorrhea [34] [37] [143] [151] | Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid [152] Molucidin, Oruwacin [153] | Antiplasmodial [154] Anti-Schistosomal [46] Antiproliferative, Antioxidant [155] Antiprotozoan [156] Anti-inflammatory [157] Anti-infective [158] [159] |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae | Moringa (Twi) | Tree | Leaves Seeds | Hypertension, Ulcer, Fever, Malaria, Typhoid, Blood tonic, Urine retention, Bilharzia, Diarrhoea [28] [37] [47] [151] | Niazirin, niazirinin, 4-[(4’-O-acetylalpha-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl]isothiocyanate, niaziminin A, and niaziminin [160] | Antiplasmodial [147,161], Antioxidant, Anti-prostate cancer [65] Anthelmintic [162] |
| Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. Moraceae | Nyankama (Twi) | Tree | Leaves Stem bark | Kidney pain, Reproduction, Diabetes [121] [163] [164] | Epicatechin, Epigallocatechin, Dulcisflavan, Euscaphic acid, Tormentic acid, Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Arjunolic acid [165] | Antimicrobial [123] Wound healing, Antioxidant [166] Anti-Hyperglycaemia [165] Antidiabetic [167] |
| Myristica fragrans Houtt Myristiaceae | Nutmeg | Tree | Seeds | Carminative, Rheumatism, Postpartum medication, Stomach disorders, Nausea, Flatulence, Indigestion, and Diarrhea, secondary to thyroid medullary carcinoma [168] | α-pinenes, camphene, γ-terpinene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, phenylpropane [169] [170] β-caryophyllene, safrole, β-phellandrene, eugenol, isoeugenol [171] (Z)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, (E)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol [172] | Antimicrobial [173] [174] |
| Paullinia pinnata L. Sapindaceae | Tuoatini (Twi) | Liana | Bark Root Leaves, Stem | Worm infection, Waist pain, Ulcer, Sexual weakness, Piles, Rheumatism, Bone Fracture, Impotency, Fatigue, Fever, Stroke, HIV/AIDS [44] [151] [175] | 2-O-methyl-L-chiro-inositol, β-sitosterol, friedelin (Lunga et al., 2014) and 6α-(3’-methoxy-4’-hydroxybenzoyl)- lup-20(29)-ene-3-one [176] | Antibacterial and Antioxidant [177] Anti-cancer [178] Anthelminthic [44] Wound healing [179] |
| Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn Phyllanthaceae | Ombatoatshi (Ga) | Herb | Whole plant | Diabetes, Dysentery and Painful spasms in intestines [129] [180] | Isobubbialine, epibubbialine, phyllanthine, securinine and norsecurinine [94] | Antibacterial [181] [182] Antioxidant and Anti-prostate cancer [65] Anti-schistosomal [46] Antiplasmodial [161] [183] |
| Phyllanthus fraternus G. L. Webster Phyllanthaceae | Bo mma gu w’akyi (Twi) Kpavideme (Dangbe) | Herb | Bark | Tuberculosis, Cancer, wound, Dropsy, Dysentery [38] [39] [129] | (+)-allonorsecurinine, ent-norsecurinine, nirurine, bubbialine, epibubbialine and phyllanthin [184] | Antioxidant and Anticoagulant [185] Antiplasmodial [48] [186] Anti-inflammatory [187] |
| Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze.) Exell Euphorbiaceae | Awobε (Twi) | Climbing shrub | Whole plant | Wounds, menstrual disorders, fevers, pain and inflamm ation [28] [34] | Geraniin 1β,22β-Dihydroxyfriedelin, 22β-Hydroxyfriedel-1-ene, 3-Friedelanone, Caffeic acid and Isoquercitrin [188] [189] [190] | Anti-infective [191] Anti-inflammatory [192] Wound healing [193] Anti-Nociceptive [194] Anti-leishmanial [195] |
| Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. Piperaceae | Soro wisa (Twi) | Liana | Seeds | Malaria, cancers, excipient [129] [151] [196] | [N-Isobutyl-11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,lOE-undecatrienamide], [N-Pyrrolidyl-I2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,9E,llZ-dodecatetraenamide], [N-Isobutyl-2E,4E-decadienamide], [N-Isobutyl-2E,4E_dodecadienamide] and [N-Isobutyl-13-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,12E-tridecatrienamide] [197] | Antimicrobial [30] |
| Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites Annonaceae | Bronyadua (Twi) | Tree | Leaves, Stem bark | Malaria, Ulcer [16] [49] [198] | quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside, rutin and allantoin [199] | Antiplasmodial [147] [200] [201] [202] Antipyretic [203] |
| Portulaca oleracea Linn. Portulacaceae | Adwere (Twi) | Creeper | Whole Plant | Cancer, Expel roundworms, Earache, Carious teeth, Demulcent, Diuretic, and slightly Astringent [39] [49] | oleracone F, p-hydroxy ethyl cinnamate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy ethyl cinnamate, salicylic acid, β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, aurantiamide, and portulacanone A, B and C [204] | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory [205] |
| Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum. Malvaceae | Kyere/kyereye/ Koto (Twi) | Tree | Leaves, Bark | Stomachache, Pains, Disorders of digestion, Gonorrhea, Urinary tract infections, haemorrhoids, Dropsy, Swellings, Edema, Gout, Leprosy [82] [206] | - | Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory [207] |
| Pupalia lappacea (L.) A Juss. Amaranthaceae | Apɔsɔmpɔ (Twi) | Tree | Leeaves | Boils, Diarrhoea [28] [129] | 1-docosanol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, saropeptate (N-benzoyl-l-phenylalaninol acetate), β-sitosterol-3-0-d-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-0-β-d-glucopyranoside, and 20-hydroxyecdysone [208] | Wound healing, Antioxidant [209] Anti-leishmanial [195] |
| Rauvolfia vomitoria (Afzel) Apocynaceae | Kakapenpen (Twi) | Shrub | Root | Arthritics, Cancer, Heart problems, Ulcer, Diarrhoea, Rheumatism, Jaundice, Psychiatric conditions Hypertension, Bradycardia, Insomnia; Arrhythmia, Angina, Schizophrenia, Skin diseases Constipatio, Lumbago, Infectious diseases; Yaws; Malaria; snakebite; Diabetes, wounds [34] [49] [210] [211] | reserpine, tetrahydroalstonine, isosandwicine, methyl reserpate, ajmaline, sandwicine, isorauhimbine, perakine, α-yohimbine, yohimbine, mitoridine, tetraphyllicine, harman, mauiensine, and 12-hydroxymauiensine [212] | Anthelminthic [213] Antibacterial [214] Anti-parasitic [215] |
| Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae | Zangara tsi (Dangbe) | Tree | Stem back, Leaves | Malaria [37] | beta-sitosterol, sucrose, n-octacosanol, [2-methyl-5-(2’-hydroxypropyl)-7- hydroxy-chromone-2’-O-β-D- glucopyranoside], piceatannol, Emodin and lupeol [216] | Antiplasmodial [48] [154] |
| Solanum macrocarpon L. Solanaceae | Gboma (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves, Frut | Asthma, Diabetes, Typhoid, Malaria, Anemia [144] | β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin [217] | Anti-oxidant [33] [92] |
| Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae | Kwaonsusua/ Abedru (Twi) | Shrub | Leaves, Fruits | Tuberculosis, Blood tonic, Cough, Asthma, Bronchitis, Wounds, Skin diseases, Reproductive disorders, Fever, Arterial Hypertension, Diabetes [28] [37] [38] | Methyl caffeate [218] , neochlorogenin 6-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside, neochlorogenin 6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D- quinovopyranoside, neochlorogenin 6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D- quinovopyranoside, solagenin 6-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside, solagenin 6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D- quinovopyranoside, isoquercetin, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin [219] | Anti-mycobacterial [220] Immunomodulatory and Erythropoietic effects [221] |
| Strophanthus hispidus DC. Apocynaceae | Maatwa (Twi) | Liana | Root | Syphilis ulcers, Bony syphilis, Guinea-worm sores Wounds [34] | - | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Wound healing [106] |
| Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn Asteraceae | Tutummerika kohwε εpσ/ Mampoŋfo-apσw (Twi) | Herb | Whole plant | Convulsion, Epilepsy, Pain [222] [223] | stigmast-4 -ene-3-one and gamma-sitosterol [224] | Anti-Nociceptive [223] Anti-lipid Peroxidative [225] Anticonvulsant [222] Analgesic [226] Antipsychotic [227] Antidepressant [228] Anti-Hyperglycaemic [229] Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative [230] Seizure suppression [231] |
| Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Portulacaceae | Bokoboko (Twi) | Herb | Whole plant | Diabetes [144] | (+)-Catechin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Gallocatechin, Ellagic acid 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester, Vanillic acid, Gallic acid, Ferulic acid, 2-Allyl-5-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Carotene, Cholesterol, Cholestanol, Theobromine, Theophylline, Epoxy-3,7-dimethyoxycrinane-11-one, α-Pinene and β-Pinene [232] | Anti-oxidant [33] |
| Tectona grandis Verbanaceae | Teak (Twi) | Tree | Leaves | Malaria [37] [233] | 5-hydroxylapachol, 1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, tectoquinone, pachybasin, dehydrotectol, tectol, lapachol, dehydro-α-lapachone, 2-methylquinizarin, deoxylapachol, β-sitosterol, obtusifolin, squalene and betulinic acid [234] | Antiplasmodial [48] |
| Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. Combretaceae | Framire/Emeri (Twi) | Tree | Leaves, stem bark | Piles, Strengthing Pregnancy, Anemia, Cancer, Malaria [16] [28] [39] [235] | ivorengenin A and B, arjungenin, arjunic acid, betulinic acid, sericic acid, and oleanolic acid [236] | Antiplasmodial [25] [48] |
| Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum & Thonn.) Mimosaceae | Prekese (Twi) | Tree | Fruit | Convulsion, Leprosy Oedema, Rheumatic Pains, Asthma, Female Sterility, Inflammation [49] | 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin, N-acetylglycosides, echinocystic acid-3-O sodium sulphate, chalcones-butein and isoliquiritigenin [237] | Antioxidant, Antimicrobial [238] Anti-trypanosomal, Anthelminthic [239] |
| Thonningia sanguinea Vahl Balanophoraceae | Kwabedwea (Twi) | Herb | Whole plant | Haemorrhoids, Bronchial asthma, Prophylaxis Torticollis, Dysentery, Sore throat, Skin infections, Abscesses, Dental caries, Gingivitis, Fever, Malaria, Heart disease, Rickets, Rheumatism [240] [241] [242] [243] | β-sitosteryl-3β-D-glucopyranoside-O-fatty acid methyl esters molecular species, β-sitosterol-3 β-D-glucopyranoside-60 -O-palmitate, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3b-D-glucopyranoside, β-stigmasterol, β -stigmasterol-3 β-D-glucopyranoside, cholesterol and betulinic acid [244] | Antioxidant [241] [245] Anticancer [98] Anti-anaphylactic [246] |
| Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. Annonaceae | Hwenetia (Twi) | Tree | Seed, Fruit | Chicken Pox, Stomachache, Bladder Trouble, Strengthening Pregnancy, Diabetes mellitus, Asthma, Convulsions, Leprosy, Mental illness, Inflammation, Arthritis [49] [237] [247] | oxoglaucine, O-methylmoschatoline, and lysicamine, Oxophoebine, Liriodenine, 10-Methoxyliriodenine and 10-Hydroxyliriodenine [248] | Antimicrobial [30] [249] Antioxidant [250] Anti-allodynic and Anti-hyperalgesic [251] Anti-Inflammatory [252] |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae | Kakaduro (Twi) | Herb | Rhizome | Tuberculosis, Circulatory and Digestiveproblems, Diabetes Cough, Diarrhoea, Wounds [28] [38] [49] [144] | [4] -gingerol, [6] -gingerol, [8] -gingerol, [10] -gingerol,: [6] -paradol, [4] -shogaol, [6] -shogaol, 1-dehydro- [10] -gingerdione, [10] -gingerdione, hexahydrocurcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, gingerenone A, 1,7-bis-(4’ hydroxyl-3’ methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxyhepthan-3-one, and methoxy- [10] -gingero [253] | Antimicrobial [30] Anti-mycobacterial [220] |