| Push and Pull framework | Driving factors | Push or pull |
A study on factors driving rural homestead transfer | Urban areas (inflow) | Insufficient urban construction land | Pull |
More job opportunities and higher income | Pull | ||
Sound infrastructure and rich medical and education resources | Pull | ||
High housing price | Push | ||
High requirement for knowledge and skills from workers | Push | ||
Rural areas (outflow) | Low level of intensive use homesteads | Pull | |
Low efficiency and income from agricultural work | Pull | ||
Backward infrastructure and scare education and health care resources | Pull | ||
Gradual improvement on rural social security | Push | ||
Intervening obstacle factors | Household registration system | Household registration restraints in large cities are a push; A unified household registration system in small and medium sized cities is a pull. | |
Personal factors | Age | Young age is a pull; Old age is a push. | |
Education | Higher level of education is a pull Lower level of education is a push. | ||
Household income and share of income from non-agricultural sources | High is a pull; Low is a push. | ||
Location of rural homestead | Closeness to urban areas is a pull; Being distant from urban areas is a push. | ||
Definition and farmers’ awareness of property rights | Clearly defined property rights and farmers’ high awareness of property rights is a pull; The opposite is a push. |