Location

Site

Condition

Concentration Mean ± SD (range) (ppm)

Duration

Referee

Canada

Highway

0.023 ± 0.002 (0.012 - 0.029)

1 week

[49]

Bahrain

Urban

0.019 ± 0.007 (0.007 - 0.040)

1 week

[56]

Hertfordshire and North London

Gas Cooker

Personal Exposure (Winter)

Personal Exposure (Summer)

0.011 ± 0.002 (0.006 - 0.015)

0.015 ± 0.002 (0.001 - 0.002)

1 week

[31]

Electric Cookers

Personal Exposure (Winter)

Personal Exposure (Summer)

0.008 ± 0.002 (0.006 - 0.011)

0.013 ± 0.001 (0.001 - 0.015)

Hong Kong

Resident and Office

Personal Exposure

0.024 ± 0.006 (0.014 - 0.039)

1 week

[55]

North, California

School Site

Road Traffic

0.021 ± 0.007 (0.001 - 0.037)

1 week

[20]

Sao-Paulo, Brazil

Street, Road and Avenues

Heavy Traffic

Light Traffic

0.034 ± (0.031 - 0.036)

0.026 ± (0.023 - 0.028)

1 week

[21]

El Paso, Texas

CAMS 6 (Highway)

CAMS 41 (Chamizal National Memorial)

High Traffic Area

0.021 ± 0.00 (0.016 - 0.023)

0.016 ± 0.001 (0.017 - 0.018)

1 week

[54]

AL-Ain City, Abu Dhabi

Industrial Traffic Residential

0.022 ± 0.004 (0.005 - 0.029)

0.032 ± 0.007 (0.023 - 0.043)

0.019 ± 0.004 (0.014 - 0.028)

2 × 1 week

[53]

Wahga Town, Pakistan

Heavy Traffic, Populated Area

Outdoor

0.015 ± 0.005 (0.011 - 0.021)

1 week

[60]

Malaysia

Putra Makhota Toll

Kajang Toll Sungai Besi Toll

Toll Plaza (Indoor)

0.056 ± 0.014 (0.025 - 0.068)

0.087 ± 0.029 (0.033 - 0.133)

0.102 ± 0.047 (0.029 - 0.205)

4 × 1 week

Current Study

Putra Makhota Toll

Kajang Toll Sungai Besi Toll

Toll Plaza (Outdoor)

0.041 ± 0.011 (0.031 - 0.066)

0.054 ± 0.011 (0.041 - 0.149)

0.095 ± 0.047 (0.057 - 0.181)