Statistical Paths

Beta (β)

Std. Dev

T-Value

P-Value

Hypothesis

LOA -> U

0.051^NS

0.066

0.766

0.444

Rejected

LOO -> U

−0.164***

0.067

2.466

0.014

Accepted

LOPS -> U

0.358***

0.057

6.317

0.000

Accepted

OQ -> U

0.215***

0.061

3.514

0.000

Accepted

W-GDP -> U

0.415***

0.074

5.579

0.000

Accepted

Control Variables

Age -> U

−0.111***

0.039

2.859

0.004

Significant

Gender -> U

−0.025^NS

0.040

0.635

0.526

Insignificant

Education -> U

−0.056^NS

0.040

1.392

0.164

Insignificant

R²

0.505

Adjusted R²

0.494

Q²

0.390