No. | Source | Focused on Question | Literature Search | Actual/Perceived Police Corruption Argument | Conclusion | Total Score | Summary of Position |
1 | Onyeozili, E., 2005, “Obstacles to effective Policing in Nigeria”, African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, vol. 1, No. 1, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, USA, pp 1-20. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Acts of corruption by the police in the form of bribery, extortion, arbitrariness, pervasiveness, intimidation, and delay in justice administration are obstacle to effective policing. |
2 | Brodeur, Jean-Paul, 2007, High and Low Policing in Post-9/11 Times, Oxford Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, pp 25-37, http://policing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/1/1/25 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Police corruption as referred to by the public is not differentiated according to the high and low police. |
3 | Bardhan, P (2006), “The economist’s approach to the problem of corruption”, World Development 34, 341-348. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Increased police salaries, increased incidence and prevalence of corruption. |
4 | Besley, T, Mclaren, J (1993), “Taxes and bribery: The role of wage incentives”, Economic Journal 103, 119-141. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | Ditto |
5 | Feinberg, G (2009), The epidemic of petit corruption in contemporary Cambodia: Causes, consequences and solutions, Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11, 277-296. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 0 | 1.5 | Corruption and other unofficial fees exist in public agencies, education and health sectors of Cambodia. |
6 | Le, V H, de Haan, J, Dietzenbacher, E (2013), “Do higher government wages reduce corruption? Evidence from a novel dataset”, CESifo Working Paper No. 4254. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | The impact of government wage increases on reducing police corruption may be effective at relatively low-income levels; otherwise generally higher wages fall short of reducing corruption. |
7 | Ulhaque, N, Sahay, R (1996), “Do government wage cuts close budget deficits? Costs of corruption”, IMF Staff Papers 43, 754-778. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | An increase in wages alone will not reduce corruption among the police who are public sector workers. |
8 | Van Rijckeghem, C, Weder, B (2001), “Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: Do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?”, Journal of Development Economics 65, 307-331. | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2 | A rather large increase in wages is required to eradicate corruption solely by raising wages in low income countries. However, in order to achieve that large of an increment, the increase has to be so huge that it is not sustainable in actual or absolute terms. |