GEN AND PROTEINS | PHYLOGENY | ASSOCIATION TO CANCER | COMMENT |
MMR | Ortholog in yeasts and bacteria [6] . | Lynch síndrome [7] . | MMR pathway disorders predispose to acquire tumors. |
P13P | Endoparasitic protozoa [8] . | Active in various tumors [5] . | P13P regulates the migratory success of metastatic cells. |
Pax | Lamprey and other chordates (salamanders) [9] . | Cervical, ovarian cancer [10] , rhabdomyosarcomas. | Pax are a family of organogenetic transcription factors. |
Ret | Chordates agnatos [11] and mice. | Carcinoid tumors MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) 2A and 2B. | Ret is inherited as the dominant Mendelian pattern. |
ADN topoisomerases | Eukaryotes (endoparasitic protozoa). | Active in most tumors [5] . | Topoisomerase inhibitors for protozoan infections [12] . |
Mad | Caenorabditis sp. and mammalian embryos [5] . | Angiogenesis and invasion of pancreatic and prostate tumors. | SMAD4 mutations in colorectal cancer [13] . |
PKA | Protozoa (D. discoideum, T. cruzi) [14] . | Glioma, neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, Carney complex tumors. | Ubiquitous. In unicellular helps them to survive. |
Notch | Invertebrates (drosophilic) and chordates (organogenesis). | Metastatic processes, lymphoblastic leukemia of T cells and oncogenic stem cells [15] . | The neoplastic stem cell would provide progenitor cell lines. |
GPCR | Echinoderms (benthic deuterostomes). | Stesioneuroblastoma: originating in the Jacobson organ (atavistic olfactory organ in lower mammals). | Echinoderms ectoparasit organisms (anthozoans), achieving survival success [16] . |
Retinoblastoma (RB/E2F) | Unicellular eukaryotes, phanerogams [17] . | Disregulated pathway in human tumors [5] . | Because of its ubiquity it can be a paleogen master of immortality. |
MBRTK1 | Appeared 600 million years ago [18] . | They are used to predict the degree of lethality, as in breast cancer and other neoplasms. | TK receptors are found from ancestral eukaryotes (coanoflagellates) [18] . |
Twist | Invertebrates [19] and vertebrates [5] . | Active in various tumors. Resistance to antineoplastic [20] . | Twist is constitutive during embryogenesis, deactivating in adult. |
mucinous mucopolysaccharides | Unicellular eukaryotes (Trypanosoma cruzi). | Tumor markers: CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen), CA-199 (cancer antigen) and others [21] . | CEA in T. cruzi: mimetic molecule in human tumors [22] . |