GEN AND PROTEINS

PHYLOGENY

ASSOCIATION TO CANCER

COMMENT

MMR

Ortholog in yeasts and bacteria [6] .

Lynch síndrome [7] .

MMR pathway disorders predispose to acquire tumors.

P13P

Endoparasitic protozoa [8] .

Active in various tumors [5] .

P13P regulates the migratory success of metastatic cells.

Pax

Lamprey and other chordates (salamanders) [9] .

Cervical, ovarian cancer [10] , rhabdomyosarcomas.

Pax are a family of organogenetic transcription factors.

Ret

Chordates agnatos [11] and mice.

Carcinoid tumors

MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) 2A and 2B.

Ret is inherited as the dominant Mendelian pattern.

ADN topoisomerases

Eukaryotes (endoparasitic protozoa).

Active in most tumors [5] .

Topoisomerase inhibitors for protozoan infections [12] .

Mad

Caenorabditis sp. and mammalian embryos [5] .

Angiogenesis and invasion of pancreatic and prostate tumors.

SMAD4 mutations in colorectal cancer [13] .

PKA

Protozoa (D. discoideum, T. cruzi) [14] .

Glioma, neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, Carney complex tumors.

Ubiquitous. In unicellular helps them to survive.

Notch

Invertebrates (drosophilic) and chordates (organogenesis).

Metastatic processes, lymphoblastic leukemia of T cells and oncogenic stem cells [15] .

The neoplastic stem cell would provide progenitor cell lines.

GPCR

Echinoderms (benthic deuterostomes).

Stesioneuroblastoma: originating in the Jacobson organ (atavistic olfactory organ in lower mammals).

Echinoderms ectoparasit organisms (anthozoans), achieving survival success [16] .

Retinoblastoma (RB/E2F)

Unicellular eukaryotes, phanerogams [17] .

Disregulated pathway in human tumors [5] .

Because of its ubiquity it can be a paleogen master of immortality.

MBRTK1

Appeared 600 million years ago [18] .

They are used to predict the degree of lethality, as in breast cancer and other neoplasms.

TK receptors are found from ancestral eukaryotes (coanoflagellates) [18] .

Twist

Invertebrates [19] and vertebrates [5] .

Active in various tumors. Resistance to antineoplastic [20] .

Twist is constitutive during embryogenesis, deactivating in adult.

mucinous mucopolysaccharides

Unicellular eukaryotes (Trypanosoma cruzi).

Tumor markers: CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen), CA-199 (cancer antigen) and others [21] .

CEA in T. cruzi: mimetic molecule in

human tumors [22] .