Phytochemical	Minor cereal Sources	Food & dietary factors affecting bioavailability	Other factors that Enhance bioavailability	Potential mechanisms of action
Phenolics
Free	Oats	Milk Heme iron	Unknown	Increase plasma total antioxidant capacity to directly mitigate oxidative stress
Free	Oats	Milk Heme iron	Unknown	Indirect through cell signaling
Bound	barley, oats, rye	Grain structure	Bioprocessing of grain	Increase plasma total antioxidant capacity to directly mitigate oxidative stress
Bound	barley, oats, rye	Grain structure	Colonic fermentation (limited evidence)	Indirect through cell signaling
Flavanoids	Barley	Grain structure	Unknown	Increase plasma uric acid levels which has reducing and free radical scavenging activities Improve glutathione radical scavenging system
Selenium	barley oats rye	Not relevant as readily available	Not relevant as readily available	A cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that quenches reactive oxygen species