Pain and brain	References
Infants remember NMC pain only when no anesthesia is used, leading to anesthesia being recommended	Taddio et al. [133]
No evidence of lasting brain changes, nor psychological trauma in neonatally circumcised men	Ullmann et al. [171]
No psychological problems among Swedish schoolboys circumcised for phimosis, apart from “shyness and unwillingness to undress in school gym”	Stenram et al. [173] [174]
A report of an “after-hours” MRI claiming brain changes from NMC was likely a fabrication	Schaab [176]
UK longitudinal study of >5000 males followed from birth to age 27 found no difference in developmental and behavioural indices between the circumcised and uncircumcised	Calnan et al. [172]
New Zealand longitudinal studies found no difference in psychological outcomes between neonatally circumcised and uncircumcised males	Fergusson et al. [142] [143] , Moreton [144]
A study claiming MC causes alexithymia was fundamentally flawed	Morris & Waskett [145]
Body dysmorphic disorder has been linked to alexithymia	Fenwick & Sullivan [147]
Alexithymia is likely a stable personality trait not simply a consequence of psychological distress	Taylor et al. [148]
Psychological harm may stem from anti-MC (intactivist) influence not NMC	Circumcision Choice [153]
“Foreskin restoration”	References
Various psychological disorders [158] [159] are more common in those circumcised men who are preoccupied by their absent foreskin	Mohl et al. [146]
One of these may be partialism, which is an “exclusive focus on a part of the body”	Kafka [159] , American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 [158]
Partialism is linked to alexithymia	Fenwick & Sullivan [147]
Men preoccupied with their absent foreskin represent a subgroup within the MSM community	Mohl et al. [146]
Legal, ethical & human rights arguments opposing MC	References
These arguments are contradicted by expert evaluations	Rivin et al. [23] , Morris et al. [24] , Benatar & Benatar [44] [45] , Bates et al. [46] , Benatar [47] , Jacobs [48] , Jacobs & Arora [49] , Bester [50]
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child supports the rights of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health	United Nations Human Rights Office [178]
Since benefits greatly exceed risks, it would be unethical to leave boys uncircumcised	Bates et al. [46] , Jacobs [48]
Children have the right to preventive health care	Rivin et al. [23]
Arguments opposing MC on the basis of “autonomy” have been refuted by ethicists	Benatar [47] , Jacobs [48] , Jacobs & Arora [49] , Bester [50] , Clark et al. [179] , Mazor [180]
Being circumcised boosts autonomy more than constraining it	Brusa & Barilan [181]
The Hippocratic Oath contains the statement, “I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure”	Johns Hopkins University [187]
The nature and consequences of “intactivism”	References
Suicides have been reported for circumcised men who developed psychological problems after succumbing to anti-MC rhetoric that their NMC had deprived them of a fulfilling sex life	Bay Area Intactivists [194] , Intaction [195]
Anti-vaccination proponents are more likely to be anti-MC and anti-water fluoridation	Hoffman et al. [163]