Variable

(mean ± SD)

GROUP K (n = 20)

GROUP E (n = 20)

GROUP S (n = 20)

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

HR (bpm)

159 ± 28.0

139 ± 20.5^c

154 ± 26.0

143 ± 23.7^b

161 ± 14.0

137 ± 16.0^c

Systolic BP (mmHg)

100 ± 18.6

105 ± 15.5

106 ± 15.0

101 ± 15.0

103 ± 18.7

95 ± 15.6^a

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

68 ± 17.0

66 ± 13.6

67 ± 13.3

64 ± 11.7

72 ± 16.6

55 ± 15.6^c

Mean BP (mmHg)

76 ± 16.8

75 ± 13.0

75 ± 12.3

73 ± 11.2

80 ± 16.3

64 ± 15.1^c

SV (ml)

7 ± 3.6

8 ± 4.7

10 ± 5.7

10 ± 5.1

9 ± 3.2

10 ± 3.2^a

SI (ml/m²)

23.2 ± 6.37

26.8 ± 6.32^c

28.4 ± 8.49

29.5 ± 7.37^c

27.0 ± 4.36

30.4 ± 5.6^c

CO (L/min)

1.1 ± 0.40

1.1 ± 0.52

1.4 ± 0.60

1.3 ± 0.50

1.5 ± 0.49

1.4 ± 0.43

CI (L/min/m²)

3.7 ± 1.36

3.7 ± 1.03

4.3 ± 0.91

4.1 ± 0.95

4.2 ± 0.57

4.0 ± 0.70

ICON

105 ± 26.7

107 ± 34.4

120 ± 41.8

118 ± 37.1

119 ± 23.2

103 ± 25.4

VIC (%)

32 ± 10.8

22 ± 12.0^b

27 ± 12.1

26 ± 9.4

30 ± 9.0

17 ± 10.0^c

SVV (%)

23 ± 7.8

17 ± 7.0

21 ± 8.1

21 ± 7.8

25 ± 6.4

13 ± 6.2^c

TFC (Ω⁻¹)

20 ± 3.4

20 ± 3.7

22 ± 3.1

21 ± 3.4^a

22 ± 4.5

21 ± 4.6^a

SaO₂ (%)

79 ± 16.8

85 ± 14.8^b

86 ± 12.7

91 ± 11.4^c

87 ± 17.9

92 ± 16.8^c

CaO₂ (ml)

15 ± 3.2

16 ± 2.9

15 ± 1.7

16 ± 2.1^b

14 ± 2.6

14 ± 2.6

DO₂ (mL)

156 ± 70.6

167 ± 81.9

209 ± 100.1

212 ± 89.7

202 ± 84.4

205 ± 80.0

DO₂I (ml/m²)

547.9 ± 212.95

559.6 ± 130.60

630.9 ± 158.93

643.5 ± 147.23

575.6 ± 147.26

580.7 ± 142.27