Toxin/Therapeutic target

Type of inhibitor and specifications

Potential mechanism of action

Phase of development

Ref

α-hemolysin

Anti-Hla MAb

MAbs 7B8 & 1A9

Antagonizes the toxin activity and block the formation of α-hemolysin oligomer on the target

Mice pneumonia model

[44]

Anti-Hla MAb

High affinity MAb 2A3.1

Inhibits toxin mediated cell lysis by blocking the formation of toxin heptamers on erythrocyte membranes

Independent animal models, S.aureus mouse dermonecrotic model and pneumonia model

[45]

MAb

MAb LTM14

Prevents the binding of toxin to the plasma membrane of susceptible host cells

Mice pneumonia, skin and bacteremia models

[47]

Chemical compound

ANBOβCD

(β-cyclodextrin derivatives)

Blocks the trans membrane pores and prevents the ion leakage through the pores

Mice pneumonia model

[49]

Chemical compound

Isatin-Schiff copper (II) complexes

Prevents the formation of ion channels by obstructing the constriction region of the hemolysin channel

In vitro assays

[52]

Chemical compound

ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X)

Inhibits binding of α-hemolysin to its host receptor (ADAM10)

Mice model of recurrent skin and soft tissue infection

[57]

Natural compound

Oroxylin A, Oroxin A and Oroxin B

Binds to the stem region of α-hemolysin and prevents conformational transition of toxin from monomer to oligomer

In vitro assays

[51]

Natural compound

Morin hydrate

Inhibits self-assembly of the heptameric trans membrane pore of α-hemolysin

Mice pneumonia model

[53]

Natural compound

Curcumin

Inhibits the pore forming

Mice pneumonia model

[58]

Natural compound

Baicalin

Interrupts the formation of heptamer

In vivo assays

[59]