Anesthesia procedure

Anatomic changes in Turner-Kieser syndrome

Neuro-axis block

Scoliosis/lordosis/kyphosis

Hidden bifid spine/dural ectasia

Anomalies in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (paraesthesia,

lethargy, decreased perception of pain and temperature in extremities)

ANS: 30% - 40% develop polyneuropathy and vasomotor dysfunction

muscle weakness and hypotrophy

Orotracheal intubation

Fragile teeth

Cleft lip

Cleft palate

Non-cooperation

Displacement, limitation or ear deformation