Group L*

(n = 27)

95% CI

Group K^†

(n = 28)

95% CI

Group KL^‡

(n = 29)

95% CI

Group P^§

(n = 29)

95% CI

P value

Pain severity (VRS^¶ 0-10 scale)

POD1

Rest

2.7 (1.8)

2.04, 3.44

2.4 (1.9)

1.61, 3.16

2.8 (2.2)

1.97, 3.62

2.8 (2.0)

1.99, 3.58

0.84

Movement

5.7 (2.1)

4.85, 6.48

5.6 (2.5)

4.62, 6.61

5.2 (2.6)

4.17, 6.17

5.0 (2.5)

4.17, 6.17

0.76

POD 2

Rest

3.1 (2.3)

2.20, 4.02

1.6 (1.8)

0.91, 2.32

2.3 (2.4)

1.41, 3.21

1.8 (1.4)

1.21, 2.29

0.03^#

Movement

5.2 (1.9)

4.43, 5.94

3.7 (2.0)

2.88, 4.51

4.9 (2.5)

3.95, 5.84

5.0 (2.2)

4.20, 5.87

0.07

POD 3

Rest

2.0 (1.9)

1.27, 2.80

1.6 (1.6)

0.97, 2.24

2.2 (2.3)

1.30, 3.05

1.3 (1.1)

0.89, 1.76

0.27

Movement

4.2 (1.7)

3.47, 4.82

3.5 (1.5)

2.84, 4.08

4.6 (2.7)

3.60, 5.64

3.9 (1.5)

3.28, 4.43

0.34

Wk 6

Rest

0.8 (1.6)

0.17, 1.45

0.2 (0.7)

−0.05, 0.48

0.8 (1.9)

0.09, 1.56

0.4 (0.6)

0.18, 0.67

0.25

Movement

1.7 (1.7)

1.06, 2.42

1.2 (2.1)

0.36, 2.01

1.9 (2.3)

1.01, 2.78

1.2 (1.3)

0.68, 1.67

0.36

Wk 12

Rest

0.6 (1.5)

0.00, 1.19

0.3 (0.9)

−0.08, 0.65

1.0 (2.5)

0.04, 1.96

0.3 (0.7)

0.04, 0.60

0.31

Movement

1.2 (1.8)

0.52, 1.93

0.7 (1.8)

0.05, 1.43

1.5 (2.4)

0.60, 2.43

0.9 (1.3)

0.34, 1.37

0.39

Satisfaction with pain management (VRS^¶ 0-10 scale)

Day 1

6.6 (2.3)

5.70, 7.56

7.6 (2.6)

6.53, 8.57

7.6 (2.6)

7.24, 8.59

7.1 (2.6)

6.09, 8.05

0.12

Day 2

6.5 (2.4)

5.54, 7.42

7.9 (2.8)

6.85, 9.00

7.6 (2.1)

6.73, 8.37

6.8 (2.7)

5.82, 7.84

0.02^#

Day 3

7.0 (2.4)

6.09, 7.99

7.7 (2.8)

6.61, 8.75

7.3 (2.4)

6.37, 8.18

6.7 (2.9)

5.54, 7.77

0.33