Head and neck (6) | Chiari malformation Brain stem compression Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Atlantoaxial instability Craniocervical instability Epilepsy Intracranial aneurysm Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (7) Headaches and migraines (8) Intermittent compression of vertebral arteries Compression of upper cervical nerve roots from C0 to C2 hypermobility (6)) |
Spine (6) | Segmental kyphosis and instability Tethered cord syndrome Tarlov cyst syndrome (8) Meningeal ecstasias/cysts Spontaneous cerebrospinal leak (9) |
Cardiovascular | Structural defects such as mitral valve prolapse and aortic root dilatation (hEDS) (11, 17, 18) Dysautonomia (10) Increased peripheral pooling (12) Severe progressive cardiac-valvular aortic valve and mitral valve problems (cvEDS) |
Pulmonary | Tracheomalacia Rib subluxations Pulmonary bullae Decreased pulmonary volumes secondary to kyphoscoliosis Obstructive sleep apnea (13) |
GI (19) | Gastroparesis Intestinal dysmotility (14) Visceroptosis (15) Hollow visceral (intestines, uterus) rupture Rectal/uterine prolapse (16) Visceral fragility (dEDS and vEDS) |
Urinary | Neurogenic bladder (6, 17) Interstitial cystitis (20) |
Musculoskeletal (8) | Joint subluxations and dislocations (8) Myopathy (25) Fatigue (22) Poor joint proprioception (23) Muscle weakness, axonal polyneuropathy, atrophy of muscles of hands and feet (24) |
Hematologic | Bleeding disorders (20) Mast cell activation syndrome (20, 21) Vascular fragility |
Neurological | Dysautonomia (22) Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (22, ) Neuropathy (26, 27) Small fiber peripheral neuropathy (28) Entrapment neuropathy (24, 27, 28) Unpredictable response to local anesthetic |