Sr#

Lichens

NPs

Activity

References

01

Parmotrema clavuliferum

AgNPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Bacillus subtilis

2) Streptococcus faecalis

3) Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[9]

02

Usnea longissima

AgNPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

2) Streptococcus mutans

3) Streptococcus pyrogenes

4) Streptococcus viridans

5) Corynebacterium xerosis

6) Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Escherichia coli

2) Klebsiella pneumoniae

3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[21]

03

Protoparmeliopsis muralis

AgNPs Cu NPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Escherichia coli

2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[13]

04

Heterodermia boryi Parmotrema

stuppeum

AgNPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

2) Viridans streptococci

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Acinetobacter baumannii

2) Escherichia coli

3) Klebsiella pneumoniae

4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[22]

05

Protoparmeliopsis muralis

CuNPs, Fe₃ NPs, TiNPs

ZnNPs

Antibacterial, Antibiofifilm,

Antiquorum sensing, Antimotility

[13]

06

Xanthoria elegans, Cetraria islandica, Usnea antarctica, and Leptogium puberulum

AgNPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Escherichia coli

[15]

07

Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria

AgNPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

2) Listeria monocytogenes

3) Bacillus cereus

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Escherichia coli

2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

3) Salmonella enterica

[19]

08

Ramalina sinensis

FeO NPs

Gram-positive bacteria:

1) Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative bacteria:

1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

[18]