| Challenges | Reason(s) | Effect(s) |
| Path loss | Geometric spreading/Energy loss | Low bandwidth/Low data rate |
| Shadowing | Random distribution of objects in 3D space | Low bandwidth/Low data rate |
| Noisy channel | Human made noise/Ambient noise/Other noises | Low data rate (Hard detection) |
| Hard channel fading | Multipath | Low data rate (Hard detection) |
| Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI) | High communication rate in low bandwidth | Low data rate (Hard detection) |
| Non-fixed delay | Non-fixed speed of carrier wave | Low data rate (Hard detection) |
| Doppler shift | Non-fixed frequency of carrier wave | Low data rate (Hard detection) |