Challenges

Reason(s)

Effect(s)

Path loss

Geometric spreading/Energy loss

Low bandwidth/Low data rate

Shadowing

Random distribution of objects in 3D space

Low bandwidth/Low data rate

Noisy channel

Human made noise/Ambient noise/Other noises

Low data rate

(Hard detection)

Hard channel fading

Multipath

Low data rate

(Hard detection)

Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI)

High communication rate in low bandwidth

Low data rate

(Hard detection)

Non-fixed delay

Non-fixed speed of carrier wave

Low data rate

(Hard detection)

Doppler shift

Non-fixed frequency of carrier wave

Low data rate

(Hard detection)