Sentence frame

Intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs

NVN

Xiao3zhu1 qu4 shi1zi/The pig goes the lion.

Causal enactment: The pig pushes

or carries the lion

Non-causal enactment: The pig goes to the lion or the pig and lion go separately

Xiao3zhu1 na2 shi1zi/The pig takes the lion

NV

Xiao3gou3 lai2/The dog comes

Xiao3gou3 dai4/ The dog brings

Causal enactment: The dog pushes or carries an introduced animal or box

Non-causal enactment: The dog moves alone