Flame length

(m)

NMSE

(%)

FB (-)

Wind speed (m・s−1)

0

(0)

0.5 (-)

1

(-)

1.5 (1.5)

3

(3)

5

(5)

Rate of spread (cm・s−1)

1.22

(1.35)

1.11

(-)

2.07

(-)

8.33

(9.68)

17.65

(7.32)

27.27

(13.04)

Observed

1.6

(2)

1.7

(-)

1.9

(-)

2.1

(2.3)

2.3

(2.5)

2.5

(2.8)

Physical model

1.55

(1.63)

1.56

(-)

1.67

(-)

1.85

(1.99)

2.68

(2.82)

4.24

(4.42)

12.22

(11.4)

0.049

(0.05)

Burrows (Burrows, 1994)

2.13

(3.42)

1.99

(-)

3.21

(-)

9.37

(15.59)

16.70

(12.57)

23.34

(19.6)

608.9

(457.9)

0.89

(1.21)

Butler et al. (Butler et al., 2004)

1.32

(1.99)

1.24

(-)

1.88

(-)

4.77

(7.42)

7.87

(6.15)

10.52

(9.05)

184.7

(133.1)

0.43

(0.73)

Byram (Byram, 1959)

1.53

(2.03)

1.47

(-)

1.95

(-)

3.71

(5.03)

5.24

(4.42)

6.40

(5.77)

64.8

(48.2)

0.34

(0.50)

Catchpole et al. (Catchpole et al., 1998)

1.23

(1.73)

1.17

(-)

1.65

(-)

3.59

(5.20)

5.47

(4.45)

6.98

(6.15)

81.1

(55.9)

0.25

(0.48)

Clark (Clark, 1983)

0.44

(0.81)

0.40

(-)

0.75

(-)

2.98

(5.75)

6.28

(4.36)

9.66

(7.72)

174.6

(91.6)

-0.12

(0.37)

Fernandes et al. (Fernandes et al., 2009)

1.52

(2.13)

1.45

(-)

2.03

(-)

4.33

(6.21)

6.52

(5.33)

8.26

(7.30)

115.4

(86.7)

0.43

(0.64)

Fernandes et al. (Fernandes et al., 2000)

0.97

(1.28)

0.97

(-)

1.23

(-)

2.32

(3.13)

3.27

(2.76)

3.98

(3.59)

17.6

(7.39)

-0.08

(0.05)

Nelson (Nelson Jr., 1980)

1.13

(1.54)

1.08

(-)

1.48

(-)

2.96

(4.13)

4.32

(3.59)

5.37

(4.79)

42.0

(25.9)

0.10

(0.29)

Nelson and Adkins (Nelson Jr. & Adkins, 1986)

1.16

(1.57)

1.11

(-)

1.51

(-)

3.00

(4.15)

4.34

(3.62)

5.38

(4.81)

41.9

(26.2)

0.12

(0.30)

Van Wilgen (van Wilgen et al., 1985)

1.28

(1.76)

1.23

(-)

1.68

(-)

3.45

(4.84)

5.07

(4.19)

6.33

(5.64)

63.9

(44.2)

0.24

(0.44)

Vega et al. (Vega et al., 1998)

2.13

(2.88)

2.04

(-)

2.76

(-)

5.49

(7.60)

7.92

(6.63)

9.85

(8.81)

161.46

(132.0)

0.67

(0.84)