China (n = 526)

Japan (n = 513)

t-test

Mean S.D.

Mean S.D.

Intimacy

8.81 1.61

8.74 1.72

0.37

Leadership

8.09 1.68

7.23 1.95

9.02***

Planning

7.98 1.68

7.63 1.97

9.19**

Empathy

8.31 1.65

8.93 1.66

6.47***

Knowledge summarization

8.56 1.57

7.5 1.83

8.44***

Self-esteem

7.95 1.73

7.20 1.98

7.84***

Positive thinking

8.20 1.40

8.16 1.51

0.23

Interpersonal manners

9.52 1.57

9.73 1.63

7.50

Mastery

17.40 3.68

17.57 3.47

0.26

Physical conditions

17.13 3.34

20.37 2.81

5.17***

Affiliation

15.89 3.43

16.34 3.42

2.6

Psychological conditions

16.00 3.47

18.95 3.02

9.71***

Appearance

16.51 3.67

16.78 3.76

0.43

Others’ expectations

15.61 3.71

16.92 3.26

2.25

Enjoyment

15.58 3.30

19.00 3.12

4.63***

Competition/ego

15.65 3.48

12.32 3.47

5.71***