| School | Type of process | Tone |
| Design | Conception | Prescriptive |
| Planning | Formal | Prescriptive |
| Positioning | Analytical | Prescriptive |
| Entrepreneurial | Visionary | Descriptive |
| Cognitive | Mental | Descriptive |
| Learning | Emergent | Descriptive |
| Power | Negotiation | Descriptive |
| Cultural | Collective | Descriptive |
| Environmental | Reactive | Descriptive |
| Configuration | Transformation | Integrative |