Variables

Abbreviation

Source

Authors

Sign

Gross Domestic Product

GDP

WDI

Rasoanomenjanahary et al. (2022)

Trade openness

OUV

UNCTAD

Ramanayake & Lee (2015)

positive

Population

POP

WDI

Mahfoudh et al. (2018)

positive

investment

FBCF

WDI

Alesina et al. (2005)

positive

Foreign direct investment

FDI

WDI

Bunje et al. (2022)

Négative

Gross secondary school enrolment ratio

EDUC

WDI

Harrison (1995)

positive