| Variables | Definitions | Sources | |
| Dependent var. | Gdpg | Real GDP growth rate (annual, %) | WDI |
|
| Gdppcg | Real GDP per capita growth rate (annual, %) | WDI |
| Control variables | |||
|
| Capg | Gross capital formation (annual % growth) | WDI |
|
| Tech | Logarithms of total nonresident and resident patent applications | WDI |
|
| Loggdppc | Logarithms of real GDP per capita | WDI |
|
| Popg | Population growth (annual %) | WDI |
|
| Humcap | Logarithms of ratio of tertiary school enrollment to population | WDI |
| Explanatory variables | |||
| Economic openness | Trade | Logarithms of ratio trade to GDP (trade is total value of exports and imports) | WDI |
| Fdi | Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) | WDI | |
| Inst | Concor | Control of Corruption indicator (estimated number) | WGI |
| Goveff | Government effectiveness indicator (estimated number) | WGI | |
| Politic | Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism (estimated number) | WGI | |
| Requa | Regulatory quality (estimated number) | WGI | |
| Rulelaw | Rule of law (estimated number) | WGI | |
| Voice | Voice and Accountability (estimated number) | WGI | |