Full model | Path coefficient-Original | Path coefficient-Mean | SD | t-value |
Caring behavior –> Nursing competence | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.065 | 9.891*** |
Caring behavior –> Self reflection | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.117 | 1.748 |
Nursing competence –> Professional socialization | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.068 | 8.968*** |
Self-reflection –> Nursing competence | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.081 | 3.543*** |
Learning effectiveness –> Caring behavior | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.082 | 5.727*** |
Learning effectiveness –> Self-reflection | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.095 | 3.318** |
Female | Path coefficient-Original | Path coefficient-Mean | SD | t-value |
Caring behavior –> Nursing competence | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.077 | 7.717*** |
Caring behavior –> Self reflection | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.149 | 1.138 |
Nursing competence –> Professional socialization | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.080 | 7.133*** |
Self-reflection –> Nursing competence | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.105 | 2.942** |
Learning effectiveness –> Caring behavior | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.094 | 5.337*** |
Learning effectiveness –> Self-reflection | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.128 | 2.886** |
Male | Path coefficient-Original | Path coefficient-Mean | SD | t-value |
Caring behavior –> Nursing competence | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.103 | 7.458*** |
Caring behavior –> Self reflection | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.218 | 1.316 |
Nursing competence –> Professional socialization | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.098 | 7.193*** |
Self-reflection –> Nursing competence | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.108 | 2.004* |
Learning effectiveness –> Caring behavior | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.179 | 2.080* |
Learning effectiveness –> Self-reflection | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.183 | 1.222 |
Permutation test | Path coefficient-Female | Path coefficient-Male | Difference (female - male) | t-value |
Caring behavior –> Nursing competence | 0.59 | 0.77 | −0.002 | 0.277 |
Caring behavior –> Self-reflection | 0.17 | 0.29 | −0.028 | 0.716 |
Nursing competence –> Professional socialization | 0.57 | 0.70 | −0.037 | 0.452 |
Self-reflection –> Nursing competence | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.008 | 0.665 |
Learning effectiveness –> Caring behavior | 0.50 | 0.37 | −0.019 | 0.537 |
Learning effectiveness –> Self-reflection | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.005 | 0.533 |