Construct/indicator	Permutation test
Construct/indicator	Mean difference (female - male)	95% confidence interval	p-value (all ns)
Self-reflection and insight
Engage	0.003	−0.073; 0.102	0.110
Insight	0.008	−0.217; 0.338	0.358
Need	0.004	−0.089; 0.128	0.712
Nursing competence
General aptitude	0.001	−0.124 ;0.161	0.670
Ethically oriented practice	−0.001	−0.069; 0.084	0.298
Nursing care in a team	0.001	−0.057; 0.086	0.889
Professional development	0.001	−0.084; 0.125	0.303
Caring behavior
Sense of security	0.000	−0.031; 0.045	0.440
Comfort	0.003	−0.051; 0.093	0.704
Accessibility	0.002	−0.043; 0.078	0.346
Learning effectiveness
Self-motivation	0.003	−0.071; 0.128	0.130
Self-regulation	0.001	−0.096; 0.153	0.286
Self-efficacy	0.000	−0.060; 0.083	0.156
Professional socialization
Team skill	0.008	−0.129; 0.203	0.290
Nursing image	0.025	−0.274; 0.690	0.315
Professional commitment	0.004	−0.153; 0.250	0.946