21 | [36] USA | RCT Transactional theory of stress and coping Assessor blinded | Determinize Feasibility, acceptability, and effect size estimates for depression, burden, personal control, And PSS. | Caregivers of children with mental health problems N = 61 IG = 30 CG = 31 | Combination of face to face and telephone Individua | One 1-hour face to face session and eight weekly telephone sessions | Timing Baseline Post-intervention 3,6 months post-intervention Caregiver outcome measurement Personal control Problem-solving Depressive symptoms Burden | Reduced burden and increased personal control 3-months post-intervention in IG for caregivers with or without depression |
22 | [47] USA | RCT | To examine the results of Teen Online Problem Solving (TOPS), in increasing problem- solving skills and decreasing depressive symptoms and global distress for caregivers | Caregivers of adolescents with traumatic brain injury N = 40 IG = 20 CG = 21 | Web Face-to-face Individual | One home visit and 9 - 13 web-based sessions Each session: 45 – 60 min | Timing Baseline Follow-up assessment (7.83 m following baseline) Caregiver outcome measurement Problem-solving Parental distress Depression | Improvements in problem-solving skills and depression were moderated by family income, with caregivers of lower income in IG reporting greater improvements Increases in problem-solving partially mediated reductions in global distress. |
23/1 | [48] USA | RCT Stress and coping model Assessor blinded | To assess the efficacy of a caregiver problem- solving intervention (CPSI) on stroke caregiver physical and psychosocial adaptation compared with a wait-list control (WLC) treatment, And to assess the mediation effects of coping on outcomes. | Caregivers of stroke N(baseline) = 255 IG = 136 CG = 119 | Combination of face to face and telephone Individual | IG 10 sessions | Timing Baseline Postintervention 6,12 months postdischarge Caregiver outcome measurement Outcome Depression Caregiver preparedness Anxiety Family functioning Moderator and mediator Perceived health Resources and stressors Appraisal Problem solving | Improved depression, life change, and health favoring IG postintervention Difference in depression rate of change favoring IG Perceived health, threat appraisal and rational problem-solving were significant mediators for outcomes |
23/2 | [22] | Pilot study | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above |