| 14/2 | [45] | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above |
| 15 | [17] USA | Pilot study | To adapt Problem- Solving Skills Training, to the population of caregivers of youth with chronic pain Tested in a small group of parents to evaluate feasibility | Parent Caregivers of Youth with Chronic Pain 6 mothers of youth | Individual Face-to-face | 6-8 sessions 1 hour each For 8 weeks | Timing: Preintervention Post-intervention Caregiver Outcome measurement: Depression Mood disturbance Pain catastrophizing Parenting stress Miscarried helping Problem-solving skills Impact of chronic pain | Parental problem- solving skills improved Parenting stress decreased Depressive symptoms decreased Mood disturbance declined Parent-reported miscarried helping decreased Parents’ catastrophic thinking about their child’s pain declined Parents’ maladaptive behavioral responses to their child’s pain also declined |
| 16 | [46] USA | RCT | To evaluate the mental health effects of problem- solving therapy (PST), for caregivers | Caregivers of individuals with a recent diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early dementia. N = 73 IG = CG = | Face-to-face Reinforce by telephone Individual | Phase 1: six sessions conducted in the caregiver’s home approximately 2 weeks apart, each lasting approximately 1.5 hours. Phase 2: three telephone contacts (approximately 2 weeks apart), each lasting approximately 45 minutes. | Timing: Preintervention 1, 3, 6, 12 months Post-intervention Caregiver Outcome measurement: Depression Anxiety Problem-solving orientation | IG led to significantly reduced depression symptoms, particularly among early dementia caregivers. IG lowered caregivers’ anxiety levels, and led to lessening of negative problem orientation. |
| 17/1 | [28] Spain | Mixed-study Experimental study with randomized control | To evaluate the effectiveness of the problem- solving technique in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression among primary caregivers | Female primary caregivers of the chronically ill patients, N = 122 IG = 61 CG = 61 | Face-to-face home visit Individual | 4 sessions | Timing: Preintervention 1-month post intervention Caregiver Outcome measurement: Depression Anxiety Problem-solving orientation | Caregivers in IG reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression in family caregivers of the chronically ill patients |
| 17/2 | [27] | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above |