| 8 | [40] USA | RCT Assessment blinded | To determine whether a telephone- based, individualized education and mentored problem- solving intervention would improve outcomes for caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injury | Caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injury N = 153 IG = 77 CG = 76 | Telephone Individual | Maximum 10 calls 2-week intervals | Timing: Preintervention 6-months post first assessment Outcome measurement: QOL Social significance Caregiver knowledge and skill acquisition | Caregivers in IG have greater social problem-solving abilities than CG. |
| 9 | [41] USA | RCT | To examine a tailored, problem- solving intervention designed to maximize medication management practices among care-givers of persons with memory loss. | Caregivers of community- dwelling persons with memory loss (Dementia) N = 83 IG = 42 CG = 41 | Face-to-face & telephone Individual | 2 or 3 home visits, 2 weeks apart, Followed by 2 - 3 telephone sessions, 7 - 10 days apart. | Timing: Preintervention 2-month postintervention Outcome measurement: Medication management | Reduced medication deficiencies in both groups |
| 10 | [26] USA | RCT Assessor blinded | To determine the effect of early versus delayed initiation of a palliative care intervention for family caregivers (cgs) of patients with advanced cancer | Family caregivers of persons with advanced cancer N = 122 IG-early = 61 IG-delayed = 61 | Telephone Individual | ENABLE intervention Session duration; 23 minutes on average Duration: 3 months 3 weekly couch sessions & monthly phone call | Timing: Preintervention Every 6 weeks until week 24 Every 3 months thereafter until the patient participant’s death or study completion. Outcome measurement: QOL Depressed mood Caregiver burden | Early-group cgshad lower depression scores at 3 months and lower depression and stress burden in the terminal decline analysis |
| 11/1 | [42] Hong Kong | RCT Assessor blinded | To test the effects of guided problem- solving-based manual-guided self-learning programme for family caregivers compared with those in usual family support service. | Family caregivers of adults with recent-onset psychosis N = 116 IG = 58 CG = 58 | Face-to-face & telephone | IG Intervention duration: 5 months Sessions: 5 assisted sessions and 5 self-learned modules Session duration: 1.5 - 2 hours | Timing: Preintervention One-week post-intervention 6-month post-intervention Caregiver Outcome measurement: Caregiver burden Caregiving experience Problem-solving ability | Post-intervention, IG provide medium-term benefits to caregiver burden, caregiving experience and patients’ psychotic symptoms |