Stages of Change for the Component Behaviors of Advance Care Planning. | Fried et al. [20] | 1) To develop stages of change measures for ACP, conceptualized as a group of interrelated but separate behaviors. 2) To use these measures to characterize older persons’ engagement in and factors associated with readiness to participate in ACP. | Observational cohort study | - | Having thought about these issues; awareness of life-sustaining treatments or of potential trade-offs between quantity and quality of life. |
Understanding Advance Care Planning as a Process of Health Behavior Change. | Fried et al. [21] | To explore whether models of health behavior change can help to inform interventions for ACP. | Qualitative cross-sectional study | - | Communicating their preferences to their loved ones. |
Using the Experiences of Bereaved Caregivers to Inform Patient- and Caregiver-Centered Advance Care Planning. | Fried and O’Leary [22] | To understand how the EOL care experiences of older patients and their caregivers can inform the development of new approaches to ACP. | Qualitative cross-sectional study | - | To hear certain information (e.g., prognostic information, patient’s terminal diagnosis) may help to account for prior findings of discrepancies in perceived communication between physicians and patients or caregivers. |
A Dyadic Perspective on Engagement in Advance Care Planning. | Fried et al. [23] | To understand the perspectives of both patients and the person who would make medical decisions for them if they were unable (surrogates) on their participation in ACP. | Qualitative cross-sectional study | - | To hear what the patient was saying, and surrogates’ reliance on what they know about the patient. |
Physicians’ Views on Advance Care Planning and End-of-Life Care Conversations. | Fulmer et al. [24] | To evaluate physicians’ views on ACP, goals of care, and EOL conversations. | Random sample telephone survey | California, USA | Physicians feel educationally unprepared; their medical school curricula need to be strengthened to ensure readiness for EOL conversations. |
Please Ask Gently: Using Culturally Targeted Communication Strategies to Initiate End-of-Life Care Discussions with Older Chinese Americans. | Chi et al. [25] | To explore communication strategies for Health-care providers (HCPs’) to initiate EOL care discussions with older Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area. | Qualitative ethnographic study | San Francisco, USA | Verbal and nonverbal responses to the initiation prompts, and the HCPs’ clinical judgment. |