| Factor |
| Intervention n = 148 | Control n = 150 | Bivariate Analysis | p | Mean difference |
| Age | 25 - 35 years | 127 (85.8%) | 123 (82.0%) | 0.80# | 0.371 |
|
| >35 years | 21 (14.2%) | 27 (18.0%) |
|
|
| |
| Ethnicity | Malay | 123 (83.1%) | 129 (86.0%) | 0.54# | 0.763 |
|
| Chinese | 8 (5.4%) | 6 (4.0%) |
|
|
| |
| Indian | 17 (11.5%) | 15 (10.0%) |
|
|
| |
| Education Level | Primary | 5 (3.4%) | 7 (4.7%) | 1.76## | 0.414 |
|
| Secondary | 79 (53.4%) | 89 (59.3%) |
|
|
| |
| Tertiary | 64 (43.2%) | 54 (36.0%) |
|
|
| |
| Occupation | Non Working | 23 (15.5%) | 28 (18.7%) | 0.51# | 0.474 |
|
| Working | 125 (84.5%) | 122 (81.3%) |
|
|
| |
| Household Income | | 67 (45.3%) | 63 (42.0%) | 0.54# | 0.762 |
|
| RM3000 - 5000 | 54 (36.5%) | 56 (37.3%) |
|
|
| |
| >RM 5000 | 27 (18.2%) | 31 (20.7%) |
|
|
| |
| GDM Incidence > 24 wks POA | Yes No | 9 (6.1%) 139 (93.9%) | 25 (16.7%) 125 (83.3%) | 8.26# | 0.004 |
|
| Blood Sugar Level(mmol/L) < 12 wks POA (mean ± sd ) | FBS | 4.4 ± 0.34 | 4.5 ± 0.59 | 1.31* | 0.190 | 0.07 |
| 2HPG | 5.5 ± 0.60 | 5.7 ± 1.34 | 1.53* | 0.126 | 0.18 | |
| Blood Sugar Level(mmol/L) > 24 wks POA (mean ± sd) | FBS | 4.72 ± 0.72 | 4.96 ± 0.85 | 2.679* | 0.008 | 0.25 |
| 2HPG | 6.01 ± 1.23 | 6.44 ± 1.62 | 2.543* | 0.011 | 0.43 | |
| Blood Pressure mmHg (mean ± sd) | Systolic | 117.6 ± 7.55 | 119.4 ±8.74 | 1.87* | 0.062 | 1.77 |
| Diastolic | 73.3 ± 4.82 | 73.4 ± 4.89 | 0.30* | 0.763 | 0.17 | |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) (mean ± sd) |
| 61.8 ± 12.33 | 62.1 ± 12.14 | 0.20* | 0.844 | 0.28 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg) (mean ± sd) |
| 25.1 ± 4.99 | 25.5 ± 4.60 | 0.67* | 0.504 | 0.45 |