Ohi, et al., 2017 [26]

Longitudinal study

n = 1

- 53 year old male with history of schizophrenia and a major stressor event in his life recently before admittance to hospital (family member death), meaning he discontinued his medication for schizophrenia

Around 1 month

DSM-IV

Laboratory examinations

EEG

Dantrolene

Intravenous (IV) infusion of midazolam

Intramuscular injection of diazepam

CT scan

Flunitrazepam

Aripiprazole

Agitation

Monologue

Insomnia

Hyperthermia

Tremor

Muscle rigidity

Clouded consciousness

Tachycardia

Hypertension

Profuse sweating

After 29 days in the hospital, the patient was stable. He had received a combination of medicinal treatments, but the most important one being diazepam, which relieved the drooling, dysphagia hyperthermia, and caused muscle relaxation from its previous rigidity

Patient’s psychotic symptoms were relieved and he was stable.

The patient underwent a major life stressor which could have led to his relapse in schizophrenia/ catatonia

The patient stopped taking his medication for 3 days prior to his admittance to the hospital, signifying that this was the most likely cause of his catatonic symptoms, which may not be very comparable to other case studies

This is a case study, meaning the results cannot be generalized to the public

Japan

Unal, et al., 2013

Cohort study

n = 57

30 women

27 men

8 years

DSM IV (4th edition)

ECT

Benzodiazepines (lorazepam)

Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

Young Mania Rating Scale

Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale

Symptoms overall included psychosocial stressors, hallucinations

Associated mood disorders

Psychotic disorders

Mutism

Withdrawal

Immobility

Waxy flexibility

Withdrawal

Negativism

All 57 individuals were treated with ECT and benzodiazepine combined therapy and all 57 of them resolved their catatonic symptoms

Some of the participants that had catatonia had psychosocial stressors that induced their episode while others didn’t

Türkiye