Study | Study design | Sample Size | Assessment Time | Outcome Measures/ Instruments | Signs & Symptoms | Results | Limitations | Country |
Chen, et al., 2015 [22] | Longitudinal study | n = 1
- 30 year old male patient who has had catatonia for 10 years with no recovery from taking benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications | Around 20 months | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Lab examinations Brain image studies DSM-IV 4th edition Sulpiride Lorazepam Haloperidol Lithium carbonate Fluoxetine Paroxetine | Catalepsy
Mutism
Posturing
Mannerism
Agitation
Grimacing | After 2 weeks of paroxetine treatment, the patient had already begun to show decreases in catatonia symptoms and less motor rigidity. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale improved from 148 to 106. Showed more facial expressions No more odd postures | SSRIs are not commonly used to treat catatonia, as it is usually most effectively treated with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines
This is a case study so the results cannot be generalized to the public | United States |
Nomura, et al., 2021 [23] | Longitudinal study | n = 1
- Asian woman in her 60’s, who had a history of schizophrenia and cholelithiasis, kidney injury and high creatinine kinase levels | About 4 months | Glasgow Coma Scale Laboratory examinations (BP, heart rate, etc) Levenson diagnostic criteria Dantrolene Bromocriptine CT scan Endotracheal intubation Mechanical ventilation, intravenous rehydration cooling Continuous renal replacement therapy Amantadine L-DOPA Propofol BFCR (Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale) Voriconazole L-AMB Quetiapine | Hyperthermia
Verbal rigidity
Muscle rigidity
Elevation of creatinine kinase levels
Strong rigidity in the upper and lower limbs (catatonia) | After treatment with quetiapine and propofol in combination, the patient’s glucan level decreased and was already almost in remission, She was able to speak coherently and have conversations normally and was able to move easily (decreased/ nearly eliminated muscle rigidity). Eventually all symptoms of catatonia were resolved and the patient was transferred to another clinic, with minor motor disabilities | The patient had her catatonia associated with her high creatinine kinase levels and acute kidney injury, which is unique to this case and cannot be seen or compared to other cases
This case is a case study, meaning the results cannot be generalized to the public | Japan |