Study

Study design

Sample Size

Assessment Time

Outcome Measures/ Instruments

Signs & Symptoms

Results

Limitations

Country

Chen, et al., 2015 [22]

Longitudinal study

n = 1

- 30 year old male patient who has had catatonia for 10 years with no recovery from taking benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications

Around 20 months

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale

Lab examinations

Brain image studies

DSM-IV 4th edition

Sulpiride

Lorazepam

Haloperidol

Lithium carbonate

Fluoxetine

Paroxetine

Catalepsy

Mutism

Posturing

Mannerism

Agitation

Grimacing

After 2 weeks of paroxetine treatment, the patient had already begun to show decreases in catatonia symptoms and less motor rigidity.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale improved from 148 to 106.

Showed more facial expressions

No more odd postures

SSRIs are not commonly used to treat catatonia, as it is usually most effectively treated with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines

This is a case study so the results cannot be generalized to the public

United States

Nomura, et al., 2021 [23]

Longitudinal study

n = 1

- Asian woman in her 60’s, who had a history of schizophrenia and cholelithiasis, kidney injury and high creatinine kinase levels

About 4 months

Glasgow Coma Scale

Laboratory examinations (BP, heart rate, etc)

Levenson diagnostic criteria

Dantrolene

Bromocriptine

CT scan

Endotracheal intubation

Mechanical ventilation, intravenous rehydration cooling

Continuous renal replacement therapy

Amantadine

L-DOPA

Propofol

BFCR (Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale)

Voriconazole

L-AMB

Quetiapine

Hyperthermia

Verbal rigidity

Muscle rigidity

Elevation of creatinine kinase levels

Strong rigidity in the upper and lower limbs (catatonia)

After treatment with quetiapine and propofol in combination, the patient’s glucan level decreased and was already almost in remission, She was able to speak coherently and have conversations normally and was able to move easily (decreased/ nearly eliminated muscle rigidity).

Eventually all symptoms of catatonia were resolved and the patient was transferred to another clinic, with minor motor disabilities

The patient had her catatonia associated with her high creatinine kinase levels and acute kidney injury, which is unique to this case and cannot be seen or compared to other cases

This case is a case study, meaning the results cannot be generalized to the public

Japan