| Sodding | High-density sowing | Low-density sowing | Transplanting | Control | ||||||||||||||||||
| Year 1 | Number of species | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 2.0 | ± | 1.7 | c | 4.5 | ± | 3.5 | b | 7.7 | ± | 2.5 | a | 7.3 | ± | 1.5 | a | 7.0 | ± | 1.0 | a | ||
| Perennial | 4.0 | ± | 1.0 | a | 5.5 | ± | 0.7 | a | 4.3 | ± | 1.2 | a | 3.3 | ± | 1.2 | a | 5.7 | ± | 2.1 | a | ||
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| Exotic species | 0.7 | ± | 0.6 | c | 2.3 | ± | 2.3 | b | 2.3 | ± | 1.5 | a,b | 0.7 | ± | 0.6 | c | 4.3 | ± | 0.6 | a |
| Cover | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 3.4 | ± | 3.1 | b | 8.1 | ± | 0.1 | a,b | 18.2 | ± | 12.2 | a | 30.1 | ± | 8.2 | a | 21.2 | ± | 11.2 | a | ||
| Perennial a | 6.8 | ± | 0.5 | 5.8 | ± | 0.8 | 5.5 | ± | 4.0 | 16.4 | ± | 24.0 | 9.5 | ± | 2.6 | |||||||
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| Exotic species | 0.1 | ± | 0.1 | b | 1.5 | ± | 2.4 | b | 0.9 | ± | 1.2 | b | 1.3 | ± | 1.5 | b | 6.5 | ± | 1.5 | a |
| Shannon’s diversity | 1.3 | ± | 0.5 | b | 2.1 | ± | 0.6 | b | 3.0 | ± | 0.7 | a | 3.0 | ± | 0.3 | a | 3.1 | ± | 0.9 | a | ||
| Year 2 | Number of species | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 1.3 | ± | 0.6 | c | 1.0 | ± | 1.0 | c | 3.7 | ± | 1.2 | b | 5.7 | ± | 2.1 | a | 5.3 | ± | 1.2 | a,b | ||
| Perennial | 2.0 | ± | 0.0 | c | 5.0 | ± | 1.7 | b | 5.3 | ± | 2.3 | b | 8.3 | ± | 0.6 | a | 7.3 | ± | 0.6 | a | ||
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| Exotic species | 0.7 | ± | 0.6 | c | 2.0 | ± | 1.7 | b | 4.3 | ± | 2.5 | a | 5.0 | ± | 1.0 | a | 4.0 | ± | 1..0 | a |
| Cover | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 0.1 | ± | 0.1 | b | 0.4 | ± | 0.6 | b | 1.7 | ± | 2.1 | b | 9.3 | ± | 2.3 | a | 22.5 | ± | 14.5 | a | ||
| Perennial a | 0.1 | ± | 0.0 | c | 3.3 | ± | 2.3 | b,c | 3.6 | ± | 2.4 | a,b | 13.3 | ± | 7.1 | a | 7.6 | ± | 2.3 | a,b | ||
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| Exotic species | 0.1 | ± | 0.1 | c | 2.0 | ± | 1.0 | b | 2.4 | ± | 3.3 | b | 6.9 | ± | 1.4 | a | 12.1 | ± | 7.5 | a |
| Shannon’s diversity | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | c | 1.5 | ± | 0.3 | b,c | 2.3 | ± | 1.1 | b | 3.9 | ± | 0.6 | a | 3.6 | ± | 0.2 | a | ||
| Year 3 | Number of species | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 3.3 | ± | 0.6 | a | 0.3 | ± | 0.6 | b | 1.0 | ± | 1.0 | b | 1.7 | ± | 0.6 | a,b | 1.7 | ± | 0.6 | a,b | ||
| Perennial | 5.3 | ± | 1.2 | a,b | 5.0 | ± | 2.6 | b | 4.7 | ± | 0.6 | b | 5.0 | ± | 1.0 | a,b | 6.3 | ± | 0.6 | a | ||
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| Exotic species | 4.0 | ± | 1.0 | a | 2.0 | ± | 1.0 | a,b | 1.7 | ± | 1.2 | b | 3.0 | ± | 1.0 | a,b | 3.3 | ± | 0.6 | a,b |
| Cover | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Annual | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 | a,b | 0.3 | ± | 0.6 | c | 1.4 | ± | 1.6 | b,c | 5.3 | ± | 4.9 | a,b | 14.0 | ± | 16.5 | a | ||
| Perennial a | 22.2 | ± | 7.3 | b,c | 21.0 | ± | 9.2 | b,c | 17.7 | ± | 9.0 | c | 44.7 | ± | 25.5 | a | 34.0 | ± | 3.0 | a,b | ||
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| Exotic species | 5.9 | ± | 1.2 | b | 5.3 | ± | 3.8 | b | 5.3 | ± | 6.7 | b | 10.0 | ± | 6.1 | b | 29.7 | ± | 10.5 | a |
| Shannon’s diversity | 1.9 | ± | 0.5 | a,b | 1.4 | ± | 0.7 | b | 1.6 | ± | 0.5 | a,b | 2.0 | ± | 0.8 | a,b | 2.4 | ± | 0.1 | a | ||