GHA

IGT

Diabetes

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Urban area

1.09 (0.82 - 1.44)

0.91 (0.66 - 1.25)

0.98 (0.65 - 1.47)

Age (years)

18 - 34

1

1

1

35 - 44

1.58 (1.10 - 2.28)^a

1.21 (0.81 - 1.82)

1.94 (1.13 - 3.33)^a

45 - 54

1.39 (0.92 - 2.09)

0.80 (0.49 - 1.30)

2.86 (1.65 - 4.96)^c

≥55

1.16 (0.77 - 1.74)

0.73 (0.45 - 1.19)

2.13 (1.20 - 3.75)^b

Female gender

1.25 (0.94 - 1.66)

1.17 (0.85 - 1.62)

1.24 (0.83 - 1.87)

Married

0.68 (0.46 - 1.00)

1.09 (0.70 - 1.68)

1.80 (0.92 - 3.55)

Education level

None

1

1

1

Primary

1.28 (0.62 - 2.61)

1.40 (0.92 - 2.13)

0.86 (0.50 - 1.47)

Secondary

1.55 (0.77 - 3.09)

0.90 (0.57 - 1.44)

1.23 (0.70 - 2.16)

University

1.25 (0.63 - 2.48)

0.83 (0.37 - 1.88)

0.76 (0.25 - 2.37)

Physical activity

1.08 (0.80 - 1.47)

0.96 (0.67 - 1.36)

1.40 (0.90 - 2.17)

Smoking

0.87 (0.49 - 1.54)

0.88 (0.46 - 1.68)

0.84 (0.34 - 2.07)

income (US$)

≤100

1

1

1

100 - 200

0.86 (0.43 - 1.69)

0.96 (0.44 - 2.09)

0.72 (0.30 - 1.70)

>200

0.79 (0.32 - 1.95)

0.80 (0.28 - 2.30)

0.84 (0.26 - 2.70)

Alcohol

0.92 (0.60 - 1.40)

0.95 (0.59 - 1.54)

0.85 (0.45 - 1.60)

Fruits/vegetables: ≥5/day

0.95 (0.70 - 1.29)

1.17 (0.82 - 1.67)

0.88 (0.58 - 1.35)

Family history of diabetes

1.44 (0.90 - 2.30)

1.13 (0.65 - 1.94)

1.78 (1.07 - 3.25)^a

Overweight/obesity

1.50 (1.11 - 2.04)^b

1.24 (0.87 - 1.76)

1.66 (1.09 - 2.53)^a

Abdominal obesity

2.12 (1.41 - 3.19)^c

2.02 (1.28 - 3.17)^b

1.43 (1.04 - 2.45)^b

Hypertension

1.39 (1.03 - 1.88)^a

1.03 (0.73 - 1.46)

1.99 (1.30 - 3.05)^b