All

(N = 889)

Rural

(N = 428)

Urban

(N = 461)

p

Age (years)

Mean ± 1 SD

39 ± 15

39 ± 15

38 ± 14

0.3

Male gender (%)

58.5

58.9

58.1

0.8

Marital status (%)

Married

76.4

81.1

72

Unmarried

23.6

18.9

28

0.002

Education level (%)

None

33.1

35.3

31

Primary

29.9

29

30.8

Secondary

31.4

32.5

30.4

University

5.6

3.3

7.8

0.019

Income (US$)

≤100

90.5

92.3

88.8

100 - 200

5.3

3

7.4

>200

4.3

3.9

4.7

0.032

Alcohol intake (%)

None/former

86.4

85

87.6

current

13.6

15

12.4

0.33

Tobacco use (%)

None/former

92.7

93.2

92.2

current

7.3

6.8

7.8

0.66

Regular physical

activity (%)

80.5

92.9

73.4

<0.0001

Fruits/vegetables

<5/Day

91.6

92.1

91.1

≥5/Day

8.4

7.9

8.9

0.6

Weight (kg)

mean ± 1 SD

67.0 ± 13.7

69.7 ± 33.5

65.6 ± 13.1

0.018

Height (cm)

mean ± 1 SD

168 ± 9

167 ± 8

168 ± 9

0.026

BMI (kg/m²)

mean ± 1 SD

23.8 ± 4.5

23.5 ± 4.1

24.1 ± 4.7

0.036

Overweight/obesity (%)

31.3

28.0

34.3

0.04

Waist circumference (cm)

mean ± 1 SD

81 ± 13

80 ± 13

83 ± 13

0.001

Abdominal obesity (%)

15.3

11.9

18.4

0.009

Glycemia (mg/dL)

mean ± 1 SD

100 ± 43

97 ± 25

103 ± 54

0.02

Family history of diabetes (%)

9.1

7.2

10.8

0.08

Systolic BP (mmHg)

mean ± 1 SD

134 ± 22

132 ± 21

136 ± 23

0.006

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

mean ± 1 SD

80 ± 13

78 ± 11

81 ± 14

<0.0001

Hypertension (%)*

37.8

34

41.2

0.8

Heart rate (bpm)

mean ± 1 SD

82 ± 25

79 ± 33

84 ± 15

0.006