Socio-demographic variables

Positive values

Negative values

M

SD

F

M

SD

F

Total

43.55

10.10

50.87

13.85

Age group

<30

35.72

12.10

20.921*

57.26

13.60

11.642*

30 - 39

42.37

8.74

53.13

12.11

>39

47.20

8.01

46.39

14.92

Education level

College or above

42.30

9.86

26.772*

51.20

13.64

0.905

High school or below

48.92

9.41

49.47

14.78

Income

Low

44.61

10.06

1.332

51.02

13.48

0.144

Moderate

43.42

9.38

50.30

13.97

High

42.61

10.68

51.21

14.20

Residence

Urban

43.48

10.05

0.103

50.79

13.84

0.074

Rural

43.95

10.47

51.34

14.70

Only child

Yes

39.24

10.61

28.193*

55.07

12.64

13.703*

No

45.17

9.42

49.29

13.98

Marital status

Unmarried

36.30

11.85

16.336*

57.04

12.75

5.450*

Married

44.29

9.48

50.04

13.86

Divorced or widowed

47.59

8.16

49.63

13.28

Spouse’s education level

College or above

43.42

9.37

9.297*

50.00

13.55

0.118

High school or below

48.05

7.95

48.19

15.41

Conjugal relationship

Not close

45.14

9.40

0.442

53.53

13.60

2.526

Relatively close

44.86

8.81

50.40

13.09

Very close

43.93

10.26

48.21

14.66

Gender of the first child

Male

45.21

9.58

0.699

49.73

13.82

0.014

Female

44.35

8.91

49.55

13.74