Direct damage (impact in animals)

Indirect losses (management cost)

Dead

Fence establishment and maintenance

Abortion

Increased feed requirements

Malfortion

Increased medical treatments

Abspecken

Altered grazing programs

Lengthened calving interval

Decreased forage availability

Decreased fertility

Decreased land values

Decreased immune response

Opportunity costs

Dccrcased function

Lost time to management

Loss of breeding stock

Stress to management