| Data |
| Source and/or Remarks |
| Total expenditure |
| Account settlement by Municipality (Shichosonbetsu Kessan Joukyoutou Sirabe) for each city for each fiscal year. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan. |
| Square kilometer |
| National Area Survey by Prefecture and Municipality for each city for each year. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. |
| Population |
| Census for each city for each fiscal year. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan. |
| Per capita expenditures | Mit | Total expenditure/Population for each city for each fiscal year. |
| Density | Dit | Population/Square kilometer for each city for each fiscal year. |
| Aging rate | Ait | Population over 65 years old/population for each city for each fiscal year. |
| Dummy_ordinance- designated city | Sit | 1 if the city is an ordinance-designated city as of April 1 of each fiscal year, 0 otherwise. |
| Dummy_core city | Cit | 1 if the city is a core city as of April 1 of each fiscal year, 0 otherwise. |
| Dummy_special case city | Tit | 1 if the city is a special case city as of April 1 of each fiscal year, 0 otherwise. |