| Element | Lukuyu et al., 2014 | Jorgetto et al., 2014 | Present study (2021) |
| Samples location | Local market, Ibadan city, Oyo, Nigeria | Conventional market, Botucatu city, Sao Paulo, Brazil | Markham, Morobe, Papua New Guinea |
| Continent | Africa | South America | Oceania (South Pacific) |
| Carbon (%) | Not reported | 41.42 | 40.25 |
| Hydrogen (%) | Not reported | 6.64 | 5.76 |
| Nitrogen (%) | Not reported | 1.02 | 0.77 |
| Sulphur (%) | 0.22 | 0.60 | 0.01 |
| Phosphorus (%) | 0.14 | Not reported | 0.03 |
| {100 − [C + H + N + S + P]}% (oxygen, minerals, etc.) | -- | 50.32 | 53.18 |