Bd, Fd | calculated eV | Calculation | cosmic rays | observed eV |
B8 | 1.7 × 1015 |
| the first knee | 3 × 1015 |
the midpoint between B8 and F9 | 2 × 1016 | Equation (11) | the first ankle | 2 × 1016 |
F9 | 2.4 × 1017 |
| the second knee | 3 × 1017 |
the midpoint between F9 and B9 | 2.8 × 1018 | Equation (11) | the second ankle | 3 × 1018 |
B9 | 3.2 × 1019 |
| the toe | 4 × 1019 |
F10 | 4.4 × 1021 |
| beyond the GZK limit | not observed |